1. Að uppgötva næturhimininn

2. Hvað heldur þú? Hve björt er norðurstjarnan, Pólstjarnan, í samanburði við aðrar stjörnur? Eru stjörnumerkin aðeins goðfræðlegar myndir á himninum? Hvað veldur árstíðaskiptum? Hvað eru stjörnumerkin mörg? Hvenær, er tunglið sýnilegt á daginn?

3. Stjörnumerkin auðvelda staðsetningu stjarnanna

4. Notaðu Stóra björninn á norðurhveli himins tio að finna aðra hópa stjarnanna

5. Notaðu vetrar þríhyrningin til að finna suðurhimins stjörnumerkin á vetrar- kvöldm

6. Notaðu Sumar Þríhyrninginn til að finna suðræn stjörnumerki á sumarkvöldum

7. Hornið milli stjarna á himninum er notað til að áætla fjarlægðir

8. Hornfjarlægð milli stjarna á himninum eru mæld í gráðum

9. Ímyndað Himinhvolf sem umlykur Jörðina er notað til að túlka himininn

10. Elements of the equatorial coordinate system on the celestial sphere Vernal Equinox: The position of the Sun on the first day of spring Right Ascension: How far east of the Vernal Equinox an object is located Celestial Equator: The line separating the celestial sphere into northern and southern halves. Declination: How far above or below the celestial equator an object is located.

11. Earth’s rotation causes the Sun and stars to appear to move

12. Motion of Stars at the North Pole

13. Motion of Stars at the Equator

14. What about the Sun? It seems to move across the celestial sphere on a path called the ecliptic.

17. Equinox positionSummer solstice Winter solstice

18. Position of the “noon-time” Sun when photographed every two weeks over a year

19. The “altitude” of the Sun impacts how much energy is received on Earth resulting in seasons.

20. The seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth’s axis of rotation

21. In other words... The Earth’s rotation on its axis determines the length of the day The Earth’s orbit around the Sun (revolution) determines the length of the year The Earth’s tilt with respect to the ecliptic causes the seasons.

22. Precession is a slow, circular motion of the Earth’s axis of rotation

23. Precession causes the position of the NCP to change over a period of 26,000 years.

24. The changing phases of the Moon originally inspired the concept of the month

25. Moon Phase Names New Moon Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Moon Waning Gibbous Third Quarter Waning Crescent New Moon

26. Although the Moon is always  lit from the Sun, we see different amounts of the lit portion from Earth depending on where the Moon is located in its month-long orbit.

27. How long does it take to go from new moon to new moon? 27.3 days 29.5 days How long does it take the Moon to orbit Earth? lunar monthsynodic month

28. Eclipses occur only when the Moon crosses the ecliptic during the new or full phase

29. Types of Lunar Eclipses total eclipse penumbral eclipse partial eclipse

31. Solar Eclipse Annular Eclipse Partial Eclipse Total Eclipse

34. What did you think? How bright is the North Star, Polaris, compared to other stars? Polaris is a star of medium brightness compared to other stars visible to the naked eye. Are constellations just mythic figures in the sky? A constellation is an entire region of the celestial sphere and all that stars in it. What causes the seasons? The tilt of Earth’s rotational axis causes the seasons. How many zodiac constellations are there? There are 13 zodiac constellations, the “unknown one is Ophiuchus. When, if ever, is the Moon visible during the daytime? The Moon is visible during the day for half of the lunar cycle of phases.

35. Self-Check 1. Describe the nature and value of constellations. 2. Define the elements of the equatorial coordinate system on the celestial sphere. 3. Define two solstices and two equinoxes; explain the orientation of the ecliptic on the celestial sphere and how it produces seasons on the Earth. 4. Describe what precession is, what effect it has on our observations of stars, and why it occurs. 5. Explain by drawing a diagram showing how lunar phases are controlled by the relative positions of the Sun and the Moon. 6. Explain when and why solar and lunar eclipses occur and why there are not such eclipses every month.