1. James Tam Beyond Base 10: Non-decimal Based Number Systems What is the decimal based number system? How do other number systems work (binary, octal and hex) How to convert to and from non- decimal number systems to decimal Binary math

2. James Tam What Is Decimal? Base 10 10 unique symbols are used to represent values 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 : The number of digits is based on…the number of digits The largest decimal value that can be represented by a single decimal digit is 9 = base(10) - 1

3. James Tam Binary Base two Employs two unique symbols (0 and 1) Largest decimal value that can be represented by 1 binary digit = 1 = base(2) - 1

4. James Tam Table Of Binary Values Decimal valueBinary valueDecimal valueBinary value 0000081000 1000191001 20010101010 30011111011 40100121100 50101131101 60110141110 70111151111

5. James Tam Why Bother With Binary? Representing information ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) Unicode It's the language of the computer

6. James Tam Representing Information: ASCII DecimalBinaryASCII 0 – 3100000000 – 00011111Invisible (control characters) 32 – 4700100000 – 00101111Punctuation, mathematical operations 48 - 5700110000 – 00111001Characters 0 - 9 58 – 6400111010 – 01000000Comparators and other miscellaneous characters : ; ? @ 65 - 9001000001 – 01011010Alphabetic (upper case A - Z) 91 – 9601011011 – 01100000More miscellaneous characters [ \ ] ^ _ ' 97 – 12201100001 – 01111010Alphabetic (lower case a - z) 123 – 12701111011 - 01111111More miscellaneous characters { | } ~ DEL

7. James Tam Representing Information: ASCII (2) Uses 7 bits to represent characters Max number of possibilities = 2 7 = 128 characters that can be represented e.g., 'A' is 65 in decimal or 01000001in binary. In memory it looks like this: 01000001

8. James Tam Representing Information: Unicode Uses 16 bits (or more) to represent information Max number of possibilities = 2 16 = 65536 characters that can be represented (more if more bits are used)

9. James Tam Computer Programs 1) A programmer writes a computer program 2) The compiler translates the program into a form that the computer can understand 3) An executable program is created 4.Anybody who has this executable installed on their computer can then run (use) it. Binary is the language of the computer

10. James Tam Octal Base eight Employs eight unique symbols (0 - 7) Largest decimal value that can be represented by 1 octal digit = 7 = base(8) - 1

11. James Tam Table Of Octal Values Decimal valueOctal valueDecimal valueOctal value 00810 11911 221012 331113 441214 551315 661416 771517

12. James Tam Uses Of Octal (Assembly Language) MachineOctalPDP -11 assembly languagevaluelanguage 1010111000000012700MOV #4, R0 1001010000101011205MOV (R2), R5 Example from Introduction to the PDP-11 and its Assembly Language by Frank T.

13. James Tam Hexadecimal (Hex) Base sixteen Employs sixteen unique symbols (0 – 9, followed by A - F) Largest decimal value that can be represented by 1 hex digit = 15

14. James Tam Table of Hex Values Decimal valueHexadecimal value Decimal valueHexadecimal value 0099 1110A 2211B 3312C 4413D 5514E 6615F 771610 881711

15. James Tam Uses Of Hexadecimal (Assembly Language) MachineHexadecimal 680X0 assembly languagevaluelanguage 101001100000114C1MOV.B D1, (A2)+ 11000001110000060E0BRA NEXT Example from 68000 Family Assembly Language by Clements A.

16. James Tam Summary (Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hex) DecimalBinaryOctalHexDecimalBinaryOctalHex 000000081000108 100011191001119 200102210101012A 300113311101113B 401004412110014C 501015513110115D 601106614111016E 701117715111117F

17. James Tam High Vs. Low Level Machine language Low level programming language Computer hardware High level programming language Binary Assembly E.g., Pascal, Java, C++ People languages E.g., English, French, Spanish, Chinese, German etc. High level Low level

18. James Tam Overflow: A Real World Example You can only represent a finite number of values

19. James Tam Overflow: Binary Occurs when you don't have enough bits to represent a value (wraps –around to zero) Binary (1 bit) Value 00 11 Binary (2 bits) Value 000 011 102 113 Binary (3 bits) Value 0000 0011 0102 0113 1004 1015 1106 1117 01: 000 011 102 113: 0000 0011:

20. James Tam Arbitrary Number Bases Base N Employs N unique symbols Largest decimal value that can be represented by 1 digit = Base (N) - 1

21. James Tam Converting Between Different Number Systems Binary to/from octal Binary to/from hexadecimal Octal to/from hexadecimal Decimal to any base Any base to decimal

22. James Tam Binary To Octal 3 binary digits equals one octal digit (remember 2 3 =8) Form groups of three starting at the decimal For the integer portion start grouping at the decimal and go left For the fractional portion start grouping at the decimal and go right e.g. 101 100 2 = ??? 8 4848 5.

23. James Tam Octal To Binary 1 octal digit equals = 3 binary digits Split into groups of three starting at the decimal For the integer portion start splitting at the decimal and go left For the fractional portion start splitting at the decimal and go right e.g. 12.5 8 = ??? 2 101 2 010 001.

24. James Tam Binary To Hexadecimal 4 binary digits equals one hexadecimal digit (remember 2 4 =16) Form groups of four at the decimal For the integer portion start grouping at the decimal and go left For the fractional portion start grouping at the decimal and go right e.g., 1000.0100 2 = ??? 16. 4 16 8

25. James Tam Hexadecimal To Binary 1 hex digit equals = 4 binary digits Split into groups of four starting at the decimal For the integer portion start splitting at the decimal and go left For the fractional portion start splitting at the decimal and go right e.g., A.3 16 = ??? 2. 0011 2 1010

26. James Tam Octal To Hexadecimal Convert to binary first! e.g., 25 8 to ??? 16 101 2 010.

27. James Tam Octal To Hexadecimal Convert to binary first! e.g., 25 8 to ??? 16 0101 2 01 Regroup in groups of 4 00 Add any leading zeros that are needed (in this case two). 5 16 1..

28. James Tam Hexadecimal To Octal e.g., 15 16 to ??? 8 0001 0101 2.

29. James Tam Hexadecimal To Octal e.g., 15 16 to ??? 8 Regroup in groups of 3 101 2 01000 5858 0 Add any leading zeros that are needed (in this case one). 2 0..

30. James Tam Decimal To Any Base 1)Split up the integer and the fractional portions 2)For the integer portion, keep dividing by the target base until the quotient is less than the target base 3)For the fractional portion, keep multiplying by the target base until either the resulting product equals zero (or you have the desired number of places of precision)

31. James Tam Decimal To Any Base (2) e.g., 9 10 to ??? 2 9 / 2: q = 4 r = 1.2.2 1 / 2: q =2 r = 0 4 0 /2: q = 1 r = 0 2 0 Stop dividing! (quotient less than target base) 1 1

32. James Tam Any Base To Decimal Multiply each digit by the base raised to some exponent 1 and sum the resulting products. i.e. d7 d6 d5 d4. d3 d2 d1 b Base = b 1 The value of this exponent will be determined by the position of the digit. Number to be converted 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3Position of digits Value in decimal = (digit7*b 3 ) + (digit6*b 2 ) + (digit5*b 1 ) + (digit4*b 0 ) + (digit3*b -1 ) + (digit2*b -2 ) + (digit1*b -3 )

33. James Tam Any Base To Decimal (2) e.g., 12 8 to ??? 10 1 2. 1 0Position of the digits Number to be converted = 8 + 2 Base = 8 Value in decimal = (1*8 1 ) + (2*8 0 ) = (1*8) + (2*1) = 10 10

34. James Tam Addition In Binary: Five Cases Case 1: sum = 0, no carry out 0 + 0 0 Case 2: sum = 1, no carry out 0 + 1 1 Case 3: sum = 1, no carry out 1 + 0 1 Case 4: sum 0, carry out = 1 1 + 1 0 1 1 + 1 = 2 (in decimal) = 10 (in binary) 1

35. James Tam Addition In Binary: Five Cases (2) Case 5: Sum = 1, Carry out = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 (in decimal) = 11 (in binary) 1 1 1

36. James Tam Subtraction In Binary (4 cases) Case 1: 0 - 0 0 Case 2: 1 - 1 0 Case 3: 1 - 0 1 Case 4: 1 0 - 1 0 The amount that you borrow equals the base Decimal: Borrow 10 Binary: Borrow 2 2 1

37. James Tam You Should Now Know What is meant by a number base How binary, octal and hex based number systems work and what role they play in the computer What is overflow, why does it occur and when does it occur How to convert between non-decimal based number systems and decimal How to perform simple binary math (addition and subtraction)