1. History of Comparative Education Classification of the field today
Last Three Weeks
History of Comparative Education
Classification of the field today
Purposes of comparison and link to different professions
Concept of ‘Educational Transfer’
Models to conceptualize comparisons
What institutions are involved
Educational opportunity as transitions
Alternative approaches to think about Education’s contribution to Society
This Week
A framework to think about educational opportunity
Repetition and Student Flows
Urban Rural Divides
Education and Post Conflict Situations 1

2. Equality of Educational Opportunity
Equality of Outcomes (Social and Cultural Capital) Options in Life.
Equality of Learning Outputs
Equality of Processes
Equality of Inputs
Equality of Access

3. Key Indicators Initial Access to School Gross Enrollment Rates
Net Enrollment Rates
Repetition Rates
Student Flows –completion rates—
School Life Expectancy
Learning
Skills

4. Student Flows Repetition Completion explain student flow simulation

5. Repetition. Why worry about it?
Isn’t repetition a second chance? An extension of learning time?
High Levels –probably higher than reported
Consequences to students –time to graduate, impact on self, leads to dropout?
Under-age and over-age children
Evidence of low levels of academic achievement?

6. Why do children repeat grades?
Because they are not ready to meet the academic expectations of the grade
Because their teachers don’t teach effectively
Because their parents do not support their academic work
Because the curriculum is too demanding
Because there are not enough spaces for them in the next grade

7. What causes repetition? --modeling education processes--
Household factors.
Disproportionately among low SES children.
Distinction between lower stage repetition and later grade repetition
Causal paths: poverty—nutrition—absenteeism
BUT demand factors MEDIATED by school factors or in interaction
School factors
High prevalence in rural, multigraded schools
Inbalances in class size among early and upper grades
Evaluation standards used by teachers

8. Trends of Analysis of Repetition
Automatic Promotion
Raise opportunities to learn
Change cultures of repetition
Role of cultural context “education systems vary enormously in terms of the incidence, causes and consequences of repetition.”
Repetition Rates have systemic causes

9. Policy Options Comprehensive multipronged strategies home/school
(e.g. adult literacy, mid-day meals, better school facilities, more textbooks, inservice training, and greater community involvement in schooling or strategies to improve readiness including nutrition, health and pre-school education; involving communities).

10. Prioritizing interventions
Home based
Increase equity (remove fees and scholarships)
Increase school fit (parental involvement, local control, enforce laws)
Increase school readiness (parent education, community health and nutrition, infant stimulation)
School based
Increase school readiness (early entry, preschool provision)
Increase access (enforce laws, fund school by attendance, eliminate fees, add grades or cluster schools, incentives to attract teachers to rural areas).
Increase quality (reduce class size, lengthen school year/day, improve teacher quality, increase supervision, provide free textbooks)
Improve assessment (competency based objectives, criterion referenced testing, performance based incentives for schools).
Need for Systemic Sectoral Interventions.

11. Dimensions of educational inequality:
·        Racial Inequality
·        Gender Inequality
·        Casts Inequality
·        Socio-economic inequality
·        Regional inequality

12. Equality of Educational Opportunity
Equality of Outcomes (Social and Cultural Capital) Options in Life.
Equality of Learning Outputs
Equality of Processes
Equality of Inputs
Equality of Access
Equality and Equity

13. Based on this video, discuss in small groups equality of opportunity
for these children at the various levels in the model we have just reviewed

14. Equality of Inputs Per-Pupil expenditures Teacher characteristics
Instructional Resources
Physical facilities 
Learning outputs and outcomes from prior levels.
The role of school segregation

15. Equality of Processes Instructional Practices Teacher responsiveness
Time on task
Fit between curriculum and student background
Language of instruction

16. Equality of Outputs Results tied to curriculum objectives
Academic Skills
Educational Attainment

17. Indicators of Inequality
Distribution of spending
Distribution of attainment
Distribution of achievement

18. Urban-Rural Divides http://vimeo.com/10877057

19. Rural-Urban-Learning Gaps in SSA

20. Rural-Urban Differences
Older Students
Lower SES
Greater Percentage of Repeaters
Lower Average SES
Buildings in worse condition
Less school materials
Less instructional resources
Teachers lower reading ability

21. Half of the Gap is Accounted for by Individual Differences among students

23. Small Group Discussion
Discuss in small groups: Based on the sources of the urban-rural gap, what are some options to close this gap?

24. Education and Conflict

25. Education, Conflict and Violence
Emergencies. Relief and Development
Particular dimensions of Conflict
Conflict as the antithesis of development
Impact of Conflict on Education
Can Education Prevent Conflict?
Education and reconciliation and reconstruction