1. EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece The XML Framework Its Implications for Corpus Access and Use Nancy Ide Department of Computer Science Vassar College Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Towards an American National Corpus

2. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece XML emerging standard for data representation and exchange on the World Wide Web powerful tool for data representation and access obvious standard for interchange of language resources –supports text, speech, video, audio –...and linkage among them!

3. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece XML provides more than SGML better linkage mechanisms XSLT for document access and transformation XML schemas provision for accessing all or part of multiple DTDs

4. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece XML Links "stand-off" annotation is the accepted norm for annotated resources maintain all or most annotations in separate documents –each references appropriate locations in the original data –yields a finely linked hypertext format where the links specify a semantic role rather than navigational options

5. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece Requirements of the stand-off architecture address XML elements address characters and chains of characters within those elements address elements and characters both within the same document and in other XML documents

6. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece XML Path Language (XPath) concise notation for element localization in the document tree –/div/p[2]/s[3] - third sentence of second paragraph in each –/descendant::p - all elements predicates for accessing characters within elements –substring(/p/s[2]/text(),10,12)

7. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece XPointer extends XPath syntax to allow : –addressing points and ranges as well as nodes –locating information by string matching –use of addressing expressions in URI- references as fragment identifiers

8. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece XLink uni- or multi-directional links can specify how link is to be activated –by hand or automatically by the browser can specify what to do with the target fragment –replace it or insert it into the source document

9. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece Links to External Documents None in SGML HyTime/TEI invented "doc" attribute CES used "doc" with inheritance to avoid repetition of the attribute –not supported by SGML processors XML: XLink and xml:base attribute

10. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece XSLT a powerful tree-traversal language translate any XML document into another document in any form –html –XML –plain text –etc. most to offer for handling annotated resources

11. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece XSLT Capabilities  selection of elements or portions of element content using the XPath syntax  rearrangement, transformation of extracted information (text content, element names, etc.) in the target document addition of information to the target document

12. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece A Simple Example <chunk type="BODY" lang="en" xml:base= "http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ME/Oen.xcesDoc#"> <tok type="WORD" xlink:href= "xptr(substring(//p/s[1]/text(),1,2"> It it Pp3ns PPER3 it Pp3ns PPER3... xcesAna document xcesAna document

13. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmnls:xsl= "http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"> | | XSLT creates HTML XSLT document XSLT document

14. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece Result It|it|PPER3 was|be|PAST3 a|a|DINT bright|bright|ADJE cold|cold|ADJE day|day|NN…

15. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece Possibilities create new documents containing selected annotations transduce XML encoded documents to tool- internal formats generate a new document with all phonemes that appear in a certain context (or all the unique contexts of a certain phoneme), etc.

16. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece XML Schemas constrain and document the meaning, usage and relationships of the constituent parts of XML documents –datatypes –elements and their content –attributes and their values provide default values for attributes and elements

17. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece Impact for language resources provide means to define an abstract data model for a class of documents –e.g., data model for annotations and annotated objects –one of the most important tasks for corpus and tool creators provide for much tighter validation of document form and content

18. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece Capabilities different attribute declarations and/or content models can apply to elements with the same name in different contexts –allows for more tightly constrained content models than possible with DTDs –e.g., in header and in text likely have different content constraints

19. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece define equivalence classes for groups of elements and/or attributes –may be used in the same ways as defined for a particular named element in CES used parameter entities to make a class of phrase-level objects (for example) – a "kludge"

20. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece constrain attribute or element values (or combinations) to be unique, e.g., –only one entry in a computational lexicon can be defined with a given word form –only one paragraph can have an attribute indicating that it is the 23rd –only one disambiguated form is given for each token –only one correspondence for a given item in an alignment document Useful for error detection and prevention

21. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece establish dependencies based on element or attribute values, for example: –prevent nouns from being assigned a tense –specify that tokens with type attribute value PUNCT include only elements containing specific characters –specify annotation labels elsewhere, constrain element content to these values only e.g., constrain the values of the element in an XCES annotation document to the EAGLES morpho-syntactic specifications Another means for error control and validation

22. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece Why is XML a good thing? search, extraction, and transformation capabilities answer most current and foreseen needs for corpus-based language engineering means to fully implement the stand-off data architecture processing tools for XML recommendations are freely distributed –no need for costly and time-consuming tool development

23. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece Conclusion XML will allow for –representation of multi-lingual, multi-modal resources –implementation of the stand-off scheme –compatibility with the WWW, enabling exploitation by LE researchers via the web harmonization and combination of LRE resources with other WWW data –distributed model for data delivery

24. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece P.S.... A set of XML recommendations for encoding language resources exists: –XCES (XML version of the Corpus Encoding Standard--CES) –http://www.cs.vassar.edu/XCES

25. Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora Data Architectures and Software Support for Large Corpora EAGLES/ISLE Workshop LREC 2000 Athens, Greece Acknowledgements Laurent Romary (LORIA/CNRS) Patrice Bonhomme (LORIA/CNRS)