1. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Accounting for Receivables Chapter 9 9

2. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Learning Objectives 1.Recognize Accounts Receivable 2.Valuing Accounts Receivable  Bad debt allowance & Bad debt expense 3.Notes Receivable 4.Disposing of Receivables 5.Decision Analysis:  Accounts Receivable Turnover

3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 1.Recognizing Accounts Receivable - Accounts Receivable  Amounts due from customers for credit sales.  Credit sales require: Maintaining a separate account receivable for each customer. Accounting for bad debts that result from credit sales.

4. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin $20.5 Mil. $92.2 Mil. $6,785 Mil. $97.4 Mil. As a percentage of total assets 1.Recognizing Accounts Receivable - Firms’ percent assets in Account receivables

5. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin On July 16, Barton, Co. sells $950 of merchandise on credit to Webster, Co., and $1,000 of merchandise on account to Matrix, Inc. 1.Recognizing Accounts Receivable - Sales on Credit

6. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Subsidiary ledger  Subsidiary ledger is a list of individual accounts with a common characteristic. A subsidiary ledger contains detailed information on specific accounts in the general ledger.  When a company has more than one credit customer, a subsidiary ledger is set up to keep a separate account for each customer, to show how much each customer purchased, paid, and has yet to pay. This subsidiary ledger is called the accounts receivable (subsidiary) ledger.  Accounts receivable (subsidiary) ledger can help managers to assess the credit ( 信用 ) of one customer and make decisions about credit sales, credit period, credit amount, etc.

7. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Subsidiary ledger

8. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Subsidiary ledger  The accounts receivable account in general ledger is to control the accounts receivable ledger and is called a controlling account.  Inventory, equipment, accounts payable can have subsidiary ledgers so as to provide information for managers.  When posting, total amount is posted to accounts receivable in general ledger. Meanwhile, each customer’s amount is posted to his or her account in the subsidiary ledger.  The balance in the accounts receivable account in general ledger must equal the sum of all balances of its customers’ accounts.

9. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales on Credit

10. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin On July 31, Barton, Co. collects $500 from Webster, Co., and $800 from Matrix, Inc. on account. Sales on Credit

11. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales on Credit

12. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Advantages of allowing customers to use credit cards: Customers’ credit is evaluated by the credit card issuer. The risks of extending credit are transferred to the credit card issuer. Cash collections are speeded up. Sales increase by providing purchase options to the customer. 1.Recognizing Accounts Receivable - Credit Card Sales

13. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin  With bank credit cards, the seller deposits the credit card sales receipt in the bank just like it deposits a customer’s check.  The bank increases the balance in the company’s checking account.  The company usually pays a fee of 1% to 5% for the service. Credit Card Sales

14. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin On July 16, 2004, Barton, Co. has a bank credit card sale of $500 to a customer. The bank charges a processing fee of 2%. The cash is received immediately. Credit Card Sales

15. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin On July 16, 2004, Barton, Co. has a bank credit card sale of $500 to a customer. The bank charges a processing fee of 2%. Barton must remit the credit card sale to the credit card company and wait for the payment. Credit Card Sales

16. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Installment Accounts Receivable Amounts owed by customers from credit sales for which payment is required in periodic amounts over an extended time period. The customer is usually charged interest.

17. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Some customers may not pay their account. Uncollectible amounts are referred to as bad debts. There are two methods of dealing with bad debts: Direct Write-Off Method Allowance Method Some customers may not pay their account. Uncollectible amounts are referred to as bad debts. There are two methods of dealing with bad debts: Direct Write-Off Method Allowance Method 2. Valuing Accounts Receivable

18. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin On August 4, Barton determines it cannot collect $350 from Martin, Inc., a credit customer. 2. Valuing Accounts Receivable - Direct Write-Off Method

19. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin After the write-off, Martin decides to pay $200. Direct Write-Off Method

20. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Matching vs. Materiality Matching requires expenses to be reported in the same accounting period as the sales they help produce. Materiality states that an amount can be ignored if its effect on the financial statements is unimportant to users’ business decisions.

21. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin At the end of each period, estimate total bad debts expected to be realized from that period’s sales. There are two advantages to the allowance method: 1. It records estimated bad debts expense in the period when the related sales are recorded. 2. It reports accounts receivable on the balance sheet at the estimated amount of cash to be collected. At the end of each period, estimate total bad debts expected to be realized from that period’s sales. There are two advantages to the allowance method: 1. It records estimated bad debts expense in the period when the related sales are recorded. 2. It reports accounts receivable on the balance sheet at the estimated amount of cash to be collected. 2. Valuing Accounts Receivable - Allowance Method

22. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording Bad Debts Expense At the end of its first year of operations, Barton Co. estimates that $3,000 of it accounts receivable will prove uncollectible. The total accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2004, is $278,000. Contra asset account

23. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording Bad Debts Expense At the end of its first year of operations, Barton Co. estimates that $3,000 of it accounts receivable will prove uncollectible. The total accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2004, is $278,000.

24. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording Bad Debts Expense At the end of its first year of operations, Barton Co. estimates that $3,000 of it accounts receivable will prove uncollectible. The total accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2004, is $278,000.

25. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Two Methods 1. Percent of Sales Method 2. Accounts Receivable Methods l Percent of Accounts Receivable l Aging of Accounts Receivable Method Two Methods 1. Percent of Sales Method 2. Accounts Receivable Methods l Percent of Accounts Receivable l Aging of Accounts Receivable Method 2. Valuing Accounts Receivable - Estimating Bad Debts Expense

26. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bad debts expense is computed as follows: Percent of Sales Method

27. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Barton has credit sales of $1,400,000 in 2004. Management estimates 0.5% of credit sales will eventually prove uncollectible. What is Bad Debts Expense for 2004? Percent of Sales Method

28. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Barton’s accountant computes estimated Bad Debts Expense of $7,000. Percent of Sales Method 壞賬準備 ( 撥備 )

29. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin  Compute the estimate of the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts.  Bad Debts Expense is computed as: Percent of Accounts Receivable Method

30. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Barton has $100,000 in accounts receivable and a $900 credit balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts on December 31, 2004. Past experience suggests that 4% of receivables are uncollectible. What is Barton’s Bad Debts Expense for 2004? Barton has $100,000 in accounts receivable and a $900 credit balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts on December 31, 2004. Past experience suggests that 4% of receivables are uncollectible. What is Barton’s Bad Debts Expense for 2004? Percent of Accounts Receivable

31. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Desired balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Percent of Accounts Receivable

32. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin  Year-end Accounts Receivable is broken down into age classifications.  Compute a separate allowance for each age grouping. Aging of Accounts Receivable Method  Each age grouping has a different likelihood of being uncollectible.

33. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin   Aging of Accounts Receivable    

34. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Barton’s unadjusted balance in the allowance account is $900. We estimated the proper balance to be $5,320. Barton’s unadjusted balance in the allowance account is $900. We estimated the proper balance to be $5,320. Aging of Accounts Receivable

35. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin With the allowance method, when an account is determined to be uncollectible, the debit goes to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Writing Off a Bad Debt Barton determines that Martin’s $300 account is uncollectible on Feb.2, 2005

36. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Subsequent collections on accounts written-off require that the original write-off entry be reversed before the cash collection is recorded. Recovery of a Bad Debt

37. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin % of Sales Emphasis on Matching Sales Bad Debts Exp. Income Statement Focus % of Receivables Emphasis on Realizable Value Accts. Rec. All. for Doubtful Accts. Balance Sheet Focus Aging of Receivables Emphasis on Realizable Value Accts. Rec. All. for Doubtful Accts. Balance Sheet Focus 2. Valuing Accounts Receivable - Summary of Bad debt expense

38. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Let’s look at notes receivable!

39. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin A note is a written promise to pay a specific amount at a specific future date. 3. Notes Receivable

40. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin $1,000.00July 10, 2004 Ninety days Barton Company, Los Angeles, CA One thousand and no/100 ---------------------------------Dollars First National Bank of Los Angeles, CA 42 12% Julia Browne after date I promise to pay to the order of Payable at Value received with interest at per annum No. Due Oct. 8, 2004 For Barton, Co. Term Payee Maker 3. Notes Receivable - Promissory Note

41. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin $1,000.00July 10, 2004 Ninety days Barton Company, Los Angeles, CA One thousand and no/100 ---------------------------------Dollars First National Bank of Los Angeles, CA 42 12% Julia Browne after date I promise to pay to the order of Payable at Value received with interest at per annum No. Due Oct. 8, 2004 For Barton, Co. Due Date Promissory Note Principal Interest Rate

42. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin If the note is expressed in days, base a year on 360 days. Even for maturities less than 1 year, the rate is annualized. 3. Notes Receivable - Interest Computation

43. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin On March 1, 2004, Matrix, Inc. purchased a copier for $12,000 from Office Supplies, Inc. Matrix gave Office Supplies a 9% note due in 90 days in payment for the copier. How much interest will be paid to Office Supplies, Inc. in 90 days? On March 1, 2004, Matrix, Inc. purchased a copier for $12,000 from Office Supplies, Inc. Matrix gave Office Supplies a 9% note due in 90 days in payment for the copier. How much interest will be paid to Office Supplies, Inc. in 90 days? Computing Maturity and Interest

44. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Computing Maturity and Interest The note is due and payable on May 30, 2004.

45. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Total interest due at May 30. Computing Maturity and Interest

46. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recognizing Notes Receivable Here are the entries to record the note on March 1, and the settlement on May 30, 2004.

47. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording a Dishonored Note On May 30, 2004, Matrix informs us that the company is unable to pay the note or interest.

48. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin When a note receivable is outstanding at the end of an accounting period, the company must prepare an adjusting entry to accrue interest income. Recording End-of-Period Interest Adjustments

49. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording End-of-Period Interest Adjustments On December 1, 2004, Matrix, Inc. purchased a copier for $12,000 from Office Supplies, Inc. Matrix issued a 9% note due in 90 days in payment for the copier. What adjusting entry is required on December 31, the end of the company’s accounting period? On December 1, 2004, Matrix, Inc. purchased a copier for $12,000 from Office Supplies, Inc. Matrix issued a 9% note due in 90 days in payment for the copier. What adjusting entry is required on December 31, the end of the company’s accounting period? $12,000 × 9% × 30/360 = $90

50. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording End-of-Period Interest Adjustments Recording collection on note at maturity.

51. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 4. Disposing Receivables - Selling Receivables Company Factor Customers Sell Receivables Get cash after factoring fee Pay the amount due The seller can receive cash earlier and can pass the risk of bad debts to the factor.

52. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Selling Receivables Aug.15, TechCom sells $20,000 of its accounts receivable and is charged a 4% factoring fee.

53. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 4. Disposing Receivables - Pledging Receivables  Borrow money and pledge its receivables as security for the loan. Pledging receivables does not transfer the risk of bad debts to the lender because the borrower retains ownership of the receivables. Company Lender Customers Borrow money Pay the amount due

54. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Pledging Receivables TechCom borrows $35,000 and pledges its receivables as security.

55. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin This ratio provides useful information for evaluating how efficient management has been in granting credit to produce revenue. Net sales Average accounts receivable Net sales Average accounts receivable 5. Decision Analysis - Accounts Receivable Turnover

56. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5. Decision Analysis - Supermarket 1.Industry Characteristics  High volume, Low profit margin  Chain of stores 2.Key success factors  Inventory control  Store location decision 3.Companies for analysis  Walmart  Target

57. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 6. Walmat & Target - Account Receivable Turnover ART20052004200320022001200019991998199719961995 WMT143192182129108102 Target109781115

58. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin End of Chapter 9