1. Chapter 6-8
CHAPTER 6: The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam
CHAPTER 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
CHAPTER 8: African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam

2. Complete Leader Analysis of Muhammad as they finish.
Part I & II Test.
(70 questions – 55 minutes)
Complete Leader Analysis of Muhammad as they finish.

3. Leader Analysis
Muhammad

4. Arabia and Surrounding Area Before and During the Time of Muhammad

5. The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam.
In the 6th century C.E., camel nomads dominated Arabia.
Cities were dependent upon alliances with surrounding tribes.
Pressures for change came from the Byzantine and Sassanid empires (last pre-Islamic Persian Empire) and from the presence of Judaism and Christianity.

6. The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam.
Muhammad, a member of the Banu Hasim clan of the Quraysh, was born about 570.
Left an orphan, he was raised by his father’s family and became a merchant.
Muhammad resided in Mecca, where he married a wealthy widow, Khadijah.

7. The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam.
Merchant travels allowed Muhammad to observe the forces undermining clan unity and to encounter the spread of monotheistic ideas.
Muhammad became dissatisfied with a life focused on material gain and went to meditate in the hills.

8. The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam.
In 610, he began receiving revelations transmitted from God via the angel Gabriel.
Later, written in Arabic and collected in the Qur’an, they formed the basis for Islam.

9. Persecution, Flight, and Victory.
As Muhammad’s initially very small following grew, he was seen as a threat by Mecca’s rulers.
The new faith endangered the gods of the Ka’ba.
With his life in danger, Muhammad was invited to come to Medina to mediate its clan quarrels.
Persecution, Flight, and Victory.

10. Persecution, Flight, and Victory.
In 622, Muhammad left Mecca for Medina where his skilled leadership brought new followers.
The Quraysh attacked Medina, but Muhammad’s forces ultimately triumphed.
A treaty in 628 allowed his followers permission to visit the Ka’ba.
He returned to Mecca in 629 and converted most of its inhabitants to Islam.

11. Islam as an agent of change
The study of Chapters 6, 7, and 8 should give students an understanding of Islamic civilization as the first global civilization. They should be able to evaluate the importance of Islam in Asia and in Africa and be able to trace trade and migration routes of Islamic culture.

12. Diversity within Islam
Although Islam was a unifying force, there was much diversity within the Islamic empires. Students should be aware of the ethnic differences, political rivalries, and sectarian divisions within Islamic civilization.

13. Lecture
Evaluate how a nomadic pastoral society produced a religion capable of achieving global dominance.

14. The Expansion of the Islamic Empire During the 7th and 8th Centuries

15. Arabia before Islam was the home of a typical pastoral nomadic society; the region lacked true urbanization, occupational specialization, and the degree of social stratification usually found in civilizations that allowed the maintenance of specialized bureaucracies. Also missing were industries associated with civilization, a rich material culture, and a writing system.

16. Islam allowed the bedouins to overcome the problems of tribalism and to unify into a theocratic system that transcended clan and tribal limits. Islamic warriors then were able to overcome their civilized, but weak, neighbors. After conquest, the Muslims incorporated influences from civilizations: bureaucracies, urbanization, social stratification, occupational specialization. Unity came from religious beliefs, a single law code, and an evolving distinctive Islamic culture.

17. Arabian society before and after Muhammad
Change Analysis
Arabian society before and after Muhammad

18. Desert and Town: The Pre-Islamic Arabian World.
The inhospitable Arabian Peninsula was inhabited by bedouin societies.
Some desert-dwellers herded camels and goats.
Others practiced agriculture in oasis towns.
Important agricultural and commercial centers flourished in southern coastal regions.
The towns were extensions of bedouin society, sharing its culture and ruled by its clans.

19. Clan Identity, Clan Rivalries, and the Cycle of Vengeance.
Mobile kin-related clans were the basis of social organization.
The clans clustered into larger tribal units that functioned only during crises.
In the harsh environment, individual survival depended upon clan loyalty.
Wealth and status varied within clans.

20. Clan Identity, Clan Rivalries, and the Cycle of Vengeance.
Leaders, or shaykhs, although elected by councils, usually were wealthy men.
Free warriors enforced their decisions.
Slave families served the leaders or the clan as a whole.
Clan cohesion was reinforced by interclan rivalry and by conflicts over water and pasturage.
The resulting enmity might inaugurate feuds enduring for centuries.
The strife weakened bedouin society against its rivals.

21. Towns and Long-Distance Trade.
Cities had developed as entrep ts in the trading system linking the Mediterranean to east Asia.
The most important, Mecca, in western Arabia, had been founded by the Umayyad clan of the Quraysh tribe.
The city was the site of the Ka’ba, an important religious shrine that, during an obligatory annual truce in interclan feuds, attracted pilgrims and visitors.

22. The Ka’aba

23. Towns and Long-Distance Trade.
A second important town, Medina, an agricultural oasis and commercial center, lay to the northeast.
Quarrels among Medina’s two bedouin and three Jewish clans hampered its development and later opened a place for Muhammad.

24. Marriage and the Family in Pre-Islamic Arabia.
Women might have enjoyed more freedom than in the Byzantine and Sassanid empires.
They had key economic roles in clan life.
Descent was traced through the female line, and men paid a bride-price to the wife’s family.
Women did not wear veils and were not secluded. Both sexes had multiple marriage partners.

25. Marriage and the Family in Pre-Islamic Arabia.
Still, men, who carried on the honored warrior tradition, remained superior.
Traditional practices of property control, inheritance, and divorce favored men.
Women did drudge labor.
Female status was even more restricted in urban centers.

26. Poets and Neglected Gods.
Arab material culture, because of isolation and the environment, was not highly developed.
The main focus of creativity was in orally transmitted poetry.
Bedouin religion was a blend of animism and polytheism.
Some tribes recognized a supreme deity, Allah, but paid him little attention.
They instead focused on spirits associated with nature.
Religion and ethics were not connected.
In all, the bedouin did not take their religion seriously.

27. End of Day 1

28. Lecture
Assess how the disputes over authority after the death of Muhammad served to hinder future Muslim unity.

29. Muhammad did not leave a principle for succession within Islam; he was the final Prophet.
Successors to lead the Muslim community first were elected by the umma.
Ali contested the system by advocating descent from Muhammad; this became the focal point of Shi’ism.

30. Ali’s opposition caused civil war, and Umayyad success led to their founding of a dynasty.
The Shi’a never accepted defeat; descendants of Muhammad were always present to contest rule over Muslims.
A fundamental division remained between the Sunni and Shi’a divisions of Islam.

31. Inner/Outer Circle Discussion
In Depth: Civilization and Gender Relationships

32. The strong position gained by women through Muhammad’s teachings did not endure.
Long-established Middle Eastern and Mediterranean male-dominated traditions of the conquered societies eventually prevailed.
The historical record in China, India, Greece, and the Middle East appears to make a connection among political centralization, urbanization, and decline in the position of women.

33. But in the Islamic world, religion and law left women of all classes in better conditions than in other civilized cultures.
In cultural areas with decentralized authority and unstratified social organization, women retained a stronger position.

34. Class Discussion
Describe the nature of bedouin society before Muhammad received his revelations.

35. Bedouins were nomadic pastoralists.
Describe the nature of bedouin society before Muhammad received his revelations.
Bedouins were nomadic pastoralists.
Their culture was based on camel and goat herding.
Before Islam, the religion was polytheistic and animistic, with little trade.

36. Class Discussion
Identify how Islam addressed the fundamental problems in Arabian society.

37. Identify how Islam addressed the fundamental problems in Arabian society.
Islam gave them a form of monotheism that belonged to no single tribe and transcended clan and class distinctions.
It provided a religion that was distinctly Arab in origin and yet equal to the monotheistic faiths held by the Christians and Jews who lived among them.
So it stopped the feuding between the tribes and undermined their attempts to overthrow the neighboring empires.

38. Trace the succession dispute over the office of caliph.
Class Discussion
Trace the succession dispute over the office of caliph.

39. Trace the succession dispute over the office of caliph.
After the execution of the third caliph, Ali tried to become the caliph, but the Umayyad rejected his claims because he failed to punish the assassin.
They went to war and would have won but he accepted pleas for mediation, which caused some of his most loyal supporters to renounce him.
The Umayyad appointed someone else as caliph and Ali was assassinated.
His son was pressured by the Umayyad to reject his claim to caliphate.
After Ali’s second son was killed the wars continued.
This decision still remains the biggest difference in Islam today.

40. Class Discussion
Compare women in the Islamic world with women in other contemporary societies.

41. Women’s position in the Islamic world declined after Muhammad’s death.
Compare women in the Islamic world with women in other contemporary societies.
Women’s position in the Islamic world declined after Muhammad’s death.
Even though they were forced to be covered in public, the women remained educated.
They had less freedom than other women in contemporary societies.

42. Conflict Analysis
Sunni-Shi’a split

43. The Problem of Succession and the Sunni-Shi’a Split.
Arab victories for a time covered old tribal internal divisions.
The murder of Uthman, the third caliph, caused a succession struggle.
Muhammad’s earliest followers supported Ali, but he was rejected by the Umayyads.
In the ensuing hostilities, Ali won the advantage until he accepted a plea for mediation at Siffin in 657.

44. The Problem of Succession and the Sunni-Shi’a Split.
The dispute left a permanent division within Islam.
The Shi’a, eventually dividing into many sects, continued to uphold the rights of Ali’s descendants to be caliphs.

45. The Thousand and One Nights
Document Analysis
The Thousand and One Nights

46. End of Day 2

47. The Coastal Trading Ports.
Bantu-speaking migrants had reached and mixed with indigenous Africans early in the first millennium C.E.
Immigrants from southeast Asia had migrated to Madagascar from the second century B.C.E.
With the rise of Islam, individuals from Oman and the Persian Gulf settled in coastal villages.
By the 13th century, a mixed Bantu and Islamic culture, speaking the Bantu Swahili language, emerged in a string of urbanized trading ports.

48. Describe the “common elements” in African societies.
They shared a Bantu linguistic base, animistic religion, and belief in a creator deity.

49. Part I & II Exam Quiz

50. Lecture
Describe the political, cultural, and economic characteristics of the Abbasid Empire.

51. In political organization, the Abbasids suffered from a loss of central authority and a growth of regional dynasties.
There were many revolts by Shi’a, mercenary armies, and peasants.
The dynasty crumbled from the invasions of Buyids, Seljuk Turks, and Mongols.

52. The Abbasid economy depended on agriculture and trade.
Agriculture required irrigation and this failed under the later dynasty.
Cities grew and prospered; long-distance trade reached into India and southeast Asia.
In culture, the Abbasids were the zenith of Islamic civilization, with advances in science, literature, mathematics, and philosophy.

53. Peoples Analysis
Abbasid Empire

54. Position of women in Abbasid society
Change Analysis
Position of women in Abbasid society

55. India before and after Islamic spread
Change Analysis
India before and after Islamic spread

56. Evaluate the weaknesses of the later Abbasid Empire.
Class Discussion
Evaluate the weaknesses of the later Abbasid Empire.

57. Evaluate the weaknesses of the later Abbasid Empire.
Rebellious governors and new dynasties wanted to challenge the Abbasid rulers.
The empire couldn’t be held together.
It was very diverse.

58. Describe the position of women in the Abbasid Empire.
Class Discussion
Describe the position of women in the Abbasid Empire.

59. Describe the position of women in the Abbasid Empire.
Women were separated from the men.
Their social status was declining.
They were married at age nine and remained housewives pretty much their whole lives.

60. Trace the stages of Islamic incursion into India.
Class Discussion
Trace the stages of Islamic incursion into India.

61. Trace the stages of Islamic incursion into India.
An attack by pirates on Arab trade ships led to the first Muslim invasion into India.
Mohamed of Ghazni led a series of expeditions in northern India that became campaigns aimed at seizing political control in north India.
Over the centuries, sizeable Muslim communities began to develop on the subcontinent.

62. To what extent were Muslims successful in converting Indians to Islam?
Class Discussion
To what extent were Muslims successful in converting Indians to Islam?

63. To what extent were Muslims successful in converting Indians to Islam?
The majority of their converts were Buddhist, but they were also successful at converting people from low-caste groups.
They used peaceable means of conversion.
This was primarily aided by the Muslim trade routes and Muslim ruled areas of India.

64. End of Day 3

65. Create a Venn diagram showing the comparison.
Lecture
Compare the Islamic effect on India and southeast Asia with that on sub-Saharan Africa.
Create a Venn diagram showing the comparison.

66. There were great similarities.
Muslims arrived as traders and began a peaceful conversion process.
Political systems remained under the control of indigenous rulers.

67. The process made possible an accommodation between Islam and indigenous religions that made long-term conversion to Islam easier.
Islam spread from cities to the countryside.
The arrival of Muslims brought Africa into the Islamic world network; southeast Asia and India expanded earlier contacts.

68. Inner/Outer Circle Discussion
In Depth: Two Transitions in the History of World Population

69. Even though determining the size and structure of historical populations is very difficult, their study has become a valued tool for better understanding the past.
Demographic research presents an opportunity for uncovering aspects of the politics and economy of past societies.
Regular census taking became common only in some societies during the 18th century.
Until then, the human population grew slowly, increasing as agriculture and other discoveries opened new resources.

70. By 1750 C.E., the Earth had about 500 million inhabitants.
Premodern economies maintained a rough equality between births and deaths, with most individuals not reaching the age of 35.
Since 1750, with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and other developments, a demographic transition, occurring first in Europe, sent world population to more than 5 billion at the end of the 20th century.

71. Arrival of Islam to Africa
Change Analysis
Arrival of Islam to Africa

72. The Arrival of Islam in North Africa.
North Africa was an integral part of the classical Mediterranean civilization.
From the mid-7th century, Muslim armies pushed westward from Egypt across the regions called Ifriqiya by the Romans and the Maghrib (the West) by the Arabs.
By 711 they crossed into Spain.

73. The Arrival of Islam in North Africa.
Conversion was rapid, but initial unity soon divided north Africa into competing Muslim states.
The indigenous Berbers were an integral part of the process.
In the 11th century, reforming Muslim Berbers, the Almoravids of the western Sahara, controlled lands extending from the southern savanna and into Spain.

74. The Arrival of Islam in North Africa.
In the 12th century another group, the Almohadis, succeeded them.
Islam, with its principle of the equality of believers, won African followers.
The unity of the political and religious worlds appealed to many rulers.
Social disparities continued, between ethnicities and men and women, the former stimulating later reform movements.

75. Kingdoms of the Grasslands.
Islam spread peacefully into sub-Saharan Africa.
Merchants followed caravan routes across the Sahara to the regions where Sudanic states, such as Ghana, had flourished by the 8th century.
By the 13th century, new states, Mali, Songhay, and the Hausa, were becoming important.

76. Sudanic States.
The states often were led by a patriarch or council of elders from a family or lineage.
They were based on an ethnic core and conquered neighboring peoples.
The rulers were sacred individuals separated from their subjects by rituals.
Even though most of their population did not convert, the arrival of Islam after the 10th century reinforced ruling power.
Two of the most important states were Mali and Songhay.

77. The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the “Lion Prince.”
Mali, along the Senegal and Niger rivers, was formed among the Malinke peoples, who broke away from Ghana in the 13th century.
Ruler authority was strengthened by Islam.
Agriculture, combined with the gold trade, was the economic base of the state.
The ruler (mansa) Sundiata (d. 1260) receives credit for Malinke expansion and for a governing system based on clan structure.

78. The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the “Lion Prince.”
Sundiata’s successors in this wealthy state extended Mali’s control through most of the Niger valley to near the Atlantic coast.
Mansa Kankan Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca during the 14th century became legendary because of the wealth distributed along the way.
He returned with an architect, Ishak al-Sahili, who created a distinctive Sudanic architecture using beaten clay.

79. Mansa Musa

80. The Songhay Kingdom.
The Songhay people dominated the middle reaches of the Niger valley.
Songhay became an independent state in the 7th century.
By 1010, the rulers were Muslims and had a capital at Gao.
Songhay won freedom from Mali by the 1370s and prospered as a trading state.
An empire was formed under Sunni Ali ( ), a great military leader, who extended rule over the entire middle Niger valley.
He developed a system of provincial administration to secure the conquests.

81. The Songhay Kingdom.
Sunni Ali’s successors were Muslim rulers with the title of askia; by the mid-16th century, their state dominated central Sudan.
Daily life followed patterns common in savanna states; Islamic and indigenous traditions combined.
Men and women mixed freely; women went unveiled and young girls at Jenne were naked.
Songhay remained dominant until defeated by Moroccans in 1591.

82. The Songhay Kingdom.
Other states that combined Muslim and pagan ways rose among the Hausa of northern Nigeria.
In the 14th century, the first Muslim ruler of Kano made the Hausa city a center of Muslim learning.
Along with other Hausa cities, Kano followed the Islamic-indigenous amalgam present in the earlier grasslands empires.
Traders and other Muslims widely spread influences, even in regions without Islamic states.

83. Political and Social Life in the Sudanic States.
Larger states were ruled by a dominant group.
Islam provided a universal faith and a fixed law that served common interests.
Indigenous political and social patterns persisted in the unified states.
Rulers reinforced authority through Muslim officials and ideology, but existing traditions continued to be vital, since many of their subjects were not Muslims.

84. Political and Social Life in the Sudanic States.
The fusion of traditions shows in the status of women.
Many Sudanic societies were matrilineal and did not seclude women.
Slavery and a slave trade to the Islamic world lasting more than 700 years had a major effect on women and children.
All individuals might become slaves, but the demand for concubines and eunuchs increased demand for women and children.

85. The Swahili Coast of East Africa.
A series of trading ports, part of the Indian Ocean network, developed along the coast and islands between the Horn of Africa and Mozambique.
Town residents were influenced by Islam, but most of the general population remained tied to traditional ways.

86. The Coastal Trading Ports.
They exported raw materials in return for Indian, Islamic, and Chinese luxuries.
As many as 30 towns flourished, their number including Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, and Zanzibar.
From the 13th to the 15th century, Kilwa was the most important.
All were tied together by coastal commerce and by an inland caravan trade.

87. The Mixture of Cultures on the Swahili Coast.
The expansion of Islamic influence in the Indian Ocean facilitated commerce.
It built a common bond between rulers and trading families and allowed them to operate under the cover of a common culture.
Apart from rulers and merchants, most of the population, even in the towns, retained African beliefs.

88. The Mixture of Cultures on the Swahili Coast.
A dynamic culture developed, using Swahili as its language, and incorporating African and Islamic practices.
Lineage passed through both maternal and paternal lines.
There was not a significant penetration of Islam into the interior.

89. Global Connections: Internal Development and External Contacts.
The spread of Islam had brought large areas of Africa into the global community.
The most pronounced contacts south of the Sahara were in the Sudanic states and east Africa, where a fusion of Islamic and African cultures created an important synthesis.
Most of Africa evolved in regions free of Islamic contact.

90. The Great Oral Tradition and the Epic of Sundiata
Document Analysis
The Great Oral Tradition and the Epic of Sundiata

91. Describe the “common elements” in African societies.
Class Discussion
Describe the “common elements” in African societies.

92. Bantu Migrations, 2000 BCE-1000 CE

93. Describe the “common elements” in African societies.
They shared a Bantu linguistic base, animistic religion, and belief in a creator deity.

94. Trace how Islam entered Africa.
Class Discussion
Trace how Islam entered Africa.

95. Trace how Islam entered Africa.
Islam originally entered Africa by expansion.
This led to wandering mystics, Muslim warriors, traders carrying the faith into Africa.
This took place between the 10th and 14th centuries, as a result of political fragmentation, political conquest, and more enduring peaceful conversion.

96. Class Discussion
How did Islam and the beliefs of indigenous societies fuse among African peoples?

97. Simply, Islam allows for non-Muslims to live within their regions.
How did Islam and the beliefs of indigenous societies fuse among African peoples?
Much of the populations failed to convert and Islamic ruling families also drew on traditional powers to fortify their rule.
Simply, Islam allows for non-Muslims to live within their regions.
However, as was the case in Africa, Muslims had very limited contacts with non-Muslims.

98. Class Discussion
Where did cultures in Africa develop that were NOT affected by Islam? Describe the nature of their organization.

99. Where did cultures in Africa develop that were NOT affected by Islam
Where did cultures in Africa develop that were NOT affected by Islam? Describe the nature of their organization.
In Ethiopia, the people were not affected by Islam, but instead Christianity.
There were attempts to convert to Islam in this region, but they did manage to stay independent.
The southern half of the African continent remained virtually unaffected by Islam as well.
This region was considered insignificant by most of the non-indigenous peoples.

100. Muslims at Prayer

101. The Problem of Succession and the Sunni-Shi’a Split.
Ali lost the support of his most radical adherents, and the Umayyads won the renewed hostilities.
The Umayyad leader, Mu’awiya, was proclaimed caliph in 660.
Ali was assassinated in 661; his son, Husayn, was killed at Karbala in 680.

102. Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala

103. The expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E.

104. The trading world of the Indian Ocean basin, 600-1600 C.E.

105. Obelisk at Axum

106. Kingdoms and empires of sub-Saharan Africa, 800-1500 C.E.

107. Nok Sculpture (Swahili)

108. Arabian Swahili Slave Trade

109. Slavery Practiced since ancient times Most slaves captives of war
Debtors
Suspected witches
Criminals
Used principally in agricultural labor
Slave possession a status symbol

110. Slave Trading
Increased trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade stimulates slave trade, 9th c. CE
Africa replaces eastern Europe as principal source of slaves
Creates internal African slave trade
More powerful states attack smaller kinship-based groups
10,000-20,000 slaves per year