1. Formulas  combinations of cell references, constants, and arithmetic symbols  specify the calculations you want Excel to perform  always begin with =  example: = 3 + A1 * B7 - 2 ^ 2

2. Functions  special prewritten formulas that provide a shortcut for commonly used calculations  begin with an =  Examples: =SUM(D1:E7) =AVERAGE(A2, B2, C3)

3. Relative and Absolute Addressing  Relative Addressing - allows the cell addresses in formulas to change when copied to a new location default in Excel  Absolute Addressing - if a cell reference in a formula is absolute it will not change if the formula is copied to a new location example of an absolute address: $A$4