1. Assessing Cardiorespiratory Endurance A Fitness Indicator

2. Running Economy Factors that limit a child’s running ability are: Gait mechanics Musculotendinous elastic energy storage Surface area-to-body mass ratio Changes in body composition Substrate utilization Ventilatory efficiency & Anaerobic capacity Most important factor in running economy is stride frequency.

3. Children and Fitness Testing FITNESSGRAM 1mile/walk run Skinfolds (calf and triceps) Curl-ups Trunk lifts Push-ups flexibility

4. 1 mile walk/run Recommended Performance standards not available for K- 3 Complete the 1 mile at a comfortable pace for K-3 Equations

5. Others.. Treadmill Test Initial grade 6% Increments of 2-2.5% grade Duration of stage 2 min Speed 3.0-5.25mph

6. Cycle Based on height Requires a greater attention span than treadmill Can be used if 50 inches tall or more

7. Age vs. HR

8. Assessing Strength Reps before Load

9. Growth plate fractures comprise 15 to 30 percent of all childhood fractures. They occur twice as often in boys as in girls, with the greatest incidence among 14-year-old boys and 11- to 12-year-old girls. An injury that would cause a sprain in adult can be a potentially serious growth plate injury in a young child. http://sportsmedicine.about.com/library/bl_growthplate.htm

10. Osgood-Schlatter Disease Caused by repetitive stress or tension on a part of the growth area of the upper tibia. The disease most commonly affects active young people, particularly boys between the ages of 10 and 15, who play games or sports that include frequent running and jumping. Pain may last a few months and may recur until a child's growth is completed.

11. Patient is a 12 year old black male who initially presented with a history of left knee pain for 4 months. Patient also claimed to have a "knot" over the anterior aspect of his tibia. Patient was diagnosed with Osgood-Schlatter disease and told to refrain from playing ball for 4 weeks. Patient continued to play and ended up in an immobilizer for 4 weeks until pain decreased. http://gait.aidi.udel.edu/res695/homepage/pd_ortho/educate/clincase/osg ood.htm

12. Muscle Changes Muscle mass is always increasing Muscle development rate peaks at puberty in males. This change is due to the increase in hypertrophy and not hyperplasia (Increase in fiber number) Muscle mass peaks at age 16-20 for females age 18-25 for males

13. The Nervous System Myelination: The process of developing the Myelin Sheath. Occurs most rapidly during childhood but continues well beyond puberty. Full development of skill cannot happen until the myelin sheath and nervous system is developed. Balance, agility, and coordination improve as children’s nervous systems develop.

14. Issues Heavy lifting increases risk of fracturing the epiphyseal plate Especially at the wrist with overhead lifts Disk rupture No major Olympic lifts (power clean, clean and jerk, squat, dead lift) Use of machines is recommended

15. Issues Focus on technique Use 8-10 muscle groups (no imbalances) Should take no longer than 40-45 minutes Part of a complete program with cardiovascular, flexibility, warm-up, cool-down

16. Issues No max lifting Increase Reps before Load Teach children to spot properly as well 1 instructor for every 10 children (still not good enough) but may need extra spotters if using free weights

17. Deciding to weight train Does the child believe it is worthwhile? Does the child have a desire to participate? Does the child have the maturity to listen to directions? Does the child have the discipline to lift weights several times a week?

18. For High School Wrestlers Will become mandatory for states to make BW recommendations based upon body comp. Modified Equation by Lohman BD = (1.0973-(0.000815*Sum3)+(0.00000084*Sum3 2 )) Sites = Abdomen, Triceps, and Subscapular Based upon body comp calculate desired BW FFW/(.94)

19. Body Composition %fat boys = 0.735 (sum of calf and triceps)+1.0 %fat girls = 0.610 (sum of calf and triceps)+5.1 6-17 years

20. % fat Are specific equations: 13-15 males = ((5.08/BD) – 4.69) *100 13-15 fem = ((5.12/BD) – 4.69)*100 15-17 males = ((5.03/BD) – 4.59)*100 15-17 fem = ((5.08/BD) – 4.64)*100 17-20 males = ((4.98/BD) – 4.53)*100 17-20 fem = ((5.05/BD) – 4.62)*100

21. BIA Certain equations are OK for estimating FFW Children have a different water content