1. CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Biopeople Tutorial 2011 Immunological Bioinformatics

2. CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology the immune system A brief summary

3. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Vaccination Administration of a substance to a person with the purpose of preventing a disease Traditionally composed of a killed or weakened micro organism Vaccination works by creating a type of immune response that enables the memory cells to later respond to a similar organism before it can cause disease

4. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial

5. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial 1958 start of small pox eradication program Effectiveness of vaccines

6. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial The innate immune system Barriers, cells, and receptors Skin Tears Epithelia Scavenging Cells Toll like receptors Shizuo Akira & Kiyoshi TakedaNature Reviews Immunology 4, 499-511 (July 2004) ©

7. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial The innate immune system Unspecific Antigen independent Immediate response No training/selection hence no memory Pathogen independent (but response might be pathogen type dependent)

8. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial The adaptive immune system Pathogen specific Bacteria Virus Parasite http://tpeeaupotable.ifrance.com/ma%20photo/bilharzoze.jpg

9. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Diversity of lymphocytes - Huge diversity within a host - At least 10 8 different T & B cell clones Receptors made by recombination & N-additions Somatic mutation during immune response Repertoires are (partly) random - Randomness requires self tolerance Diversity is a hallmark of the (adaptive) immune system

10. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Diversity is a hallmark of the (adaptive) immune system

11. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Cartoon by Eric Reits Humoral immunity

12. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Antibodies

13. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Antibody - Antigen interaction Fab Antigen Epitope Paratope Antibody

14. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Antibody Effect Virus or Toxin Antibodies

15. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial The trinity of immunity Cartoon by Eric Reits

16. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Cartoon by Eric Reits

17. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Cartoon by Eric Reits The Cellular immune response

18. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial MHC-I molecules present peptides on the surface of most cells

19. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial CTL response Healthy cell Virus- infected cell MHC-I

20. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial CTL response Virus- infected cell MHC-I

21. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial The death of an infected cell

22. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial The adaptive immune system is extremely diverse - A immune responds can by raise against any thing foreign! Antibodies defines the humoral response - Antibodies recognize structural properties on the surface of extra cellular antigens T cells regulates the cellular response - CTL’s kill cell that present MHC molecules bound with intra cellular derived foreign peptides Summary

23. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Vaccine Challenges TB FLU HCV HIV

24. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Immunological Bioinformatics, The MIT press. +HPV & Rotavirus Vaccines have been made for 36 of >400 human pathogens

25. Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Deaths from infectious diseases in the world in 2008 Infectious and parasitic diseases Thousands% Total 872115.3 Tuberculosis 13422.4 STDs excluding HIV 1200.2 Syphilis 1000.2 Chlamydia 40.0 Gonorrhoea 00.0 HIV/AIDS 17763.1 Diarrhoeal diseases 24644.3 Childhood diseases 4480.8 Pertussis 1950.3 Poliomyelitis (c) 10.0 Diphtheria 80.0 Measles 1550.3 Tetanus 880.2 Meningitis 3400.6 Hepatitis B (d) 1280.2 Hepatitis C (d) 690.1 Malaria 8271.5 Tropical diseases 1330.2 Trypanosomiasis 540.1 Chagas disease 100.0 Schistosomiasis 440.1 Leishmaniasis 260.0 Lymphatic filariasis 00.0 Onchocerciasis 00.0 Leprosy 120.0 Dengue 160.0 Japanese encephalitis 150.0 Trachoma 00.0 Intestinal nematode infections 40.0 Ascariasis 20.0 Trichuriasis 10.0 Hookworm disease 00.0