2. The Great Crystal Creation Presented by Kendra Mallory Dr. Alfred Lee RET @IIT Summer 2005 Brooks Middle School

3. Introduction  Overview of of RET Chemical Engineer experience  Introduction to engineering design through the manifestation of crystals for nutritional purpose.  Review of crystallization use to produce protein crystals for biomedical applications.

4. Lesson 1- The Crystal Challenge Kick-Off

5. Dear Mrs. Mallory, I am in need of a special product. Can you propose to your chemical engineering team to design a sugar stirrer for coffee and tea products. Its should be appealing to the consumer as well as a new and exciting technology for the scientist. Signed, I.P. Freelin Corporation The Great Crystal Creation

6. What does an engineer do? a)Conduct trains b)Fix boilers c)Design cars

7. Engineers have a hand in designing, creating, or modifying nearly everything we touch, wear, eat, see, and hear in our daily lives.

8. What is a chemical engineer? a) An Engineer who manufactures chemicals, b) A Chemist who works in a factory, or c) A glorified Plumber?

9. A chemical engineer takes raw materials and turn them into the products we use everyday. They produce soft drinks, pharmaceuticals, make-up and hair care products, food products, and even work to control pollution.

10. What is the Engineering Design Process (EDP)? One of the simple processes that engineers use to guide them through problem solving. Even though it is a step-by- step process it is not always adhered to by practicing engineers. EDP is a cycle and can begin at any step in the cycle. Engineers most often work in teams to solve problems. Ask Improve Imagine Create Plan

11. Problem-Solving Team Work Give me an examples of teams solving problems together. Each role is important within the group and must focus on the overall goal. Work towards solving a common goal is the key.

12. Role of team members Data Recorder  Keeps track and records all experimental data Food Safety Manager  Monitors team members to ensure they are practicing safe food handling during experiment Materials Handler  Manages station to ensure all materials and equipment are available for team members Group Leader  Manages group to ensure they are on task and on time

13. Project Agenda Introduced to design challenge Groups assigned and roles discussed Start working on Engineering Design Process as a team Complete activities 2-6 Begin design challenge experiments Begin to develop advertisement for product in the form of a commercial Finish product and package it Prepare for final advertisement commercial

14. Lesson 2-Clean Treats An ethical approach to food safety

15. What about Ethics and Engineering? It’s all about being honest and trusting that people make moral decisions Having a moral duty and obligation to consider safety during the design process Do you trust that everything you consume have been handled safety Food safety inspectors monitors that safe handling is practiced

16. Real World Ethics and Engineering Formations of polymorphs (poly-many) (morph-form) caused during drug manufacturing caused major problems for consumers, pharmaceutical industry and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/foodsafetymobile/mobilegame.swf Discuss the point of view of each in this case scenario

17. Lesson 3-Dissolving Solution Discovering saturation of solutions

18. What is a crystal? A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.solidatomsmolecules ions The process of making crystals are called crystallization Minerals are chemical crystals

19. What is so important about solutions and saturation? A solution is solids or gases that are dissolved in a liquid Concentration is the amount of one substance (e.g.solute) within in a system (e.g.solvent) A solute is the substance to be dissolved (sugar). The other is a solvent. The solvent is the one doing the dissolving (water). When a solvent can no longer dissolve a solute it is saturated. When a solution is heated up, it can dissolve more solid materials which it is called a supersaturated solution. http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_solution.html

20. How does the concentration and temperature of a solution affect Crystal Growth? Crystals can only be produced under certain conditions  Solution must be super saturated in order for crystals to come out of solution.  The slower the process of a solution cooling will yield larger crystals.

21. Lesson 4-Shaping Up Understanding how crystals form

22. How does crystals form? Crystals start growing by a process called "nucleation“ (e.g. seed for growing a plant). After solution is saturated solid materials form. Molecules form a special arrangement in a repeated pattern (crystal).

23. Why do different crystals have different shapes and sizes?  Shape is dependent on arrangement of molecular structure  Size is dependent on rate of growth along the axes a,b &c

24. Crystals are classified into systems based on the angle their bonds form. *7 common systems Isometric, Hexagonal, Tetragonal, Trigonal, Triclinic, Monoclinic, Orthorhombic

25. What crystal system does this mineral belong to? Why? Quartz Hexagonal 3 equilateral axes intersect at angels of 60 o, 1 vertical axis intersect at 90 o to equilateral axes. Hexa-six Beryl http://www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm

26. What crystal system does this mineral belong to? Why? MONOCLINIC 3 unequal axes and 1 unequal intersection that is not at 90 o Mono-one GYPSUM http://www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm

27. What crystal system does this mineral belong to? Why? Isometric 3 axes are at right angles, all sides equal length. Iso- same Sugar http://www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm

28. What crystal system does this mineral belong to? Why? Tetragonal 3 axes are at right angels, only 2 lateral axes are equal length and it has 4 sides. Tetra-four WULFENITE http://www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm

29. What crystal system does this mineral belong to? Why? ORTHORHOMBIC 3 unequal axes all at right angles to each other Ortho-unequal TANZANITE http://www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm

30. What crystal system does this mineral belong to? Why? Trigonal 3 equal length axes, 3 equal intersections (not 90 o ) Tri- three Amazonite http://www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm Note: Hexagonal but with 3 sides not 6

31. What crystal system does this mineral belong to? Why? Triclinic 3 unequal axes and 3 unequal intersections not at 90 o Tri-three http://www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm

32. Using your 3-D structures identify the following into rightful system: Picture 1 Isometric Picture 2 Tetragonal Picture 3 Hexagonal Picture 4 Trigonal Picture 5 ORTHORHOMBIC Picture 6 MONOCLINIC Picture 7 TRICLINIC

33. Lesson 5- Shapes Part 2 An understanding internal structures of crystals

34. What do atoms and molecules have to do with it? Every substance on earth is made of matter. Atoms are the building blocks of all matter and can be classified into elements. Elements are matter made of only one kind of atom. Different elements bond together to form molecules. A bond is a force that hold atoms together. Internal molecular structure gives crystals their shape. Minerals are crystal of different chemicals

35. Symbols used to communicate Elements have chemical symbols, short one or two letters represents it (e.g. H=Hydrogen) A molecular formula are combinations of letters representing the elements present in a molecule. (e.g. H 2 O)

36. Lesson 6-Sweet and Salty A comparison of sugar and salt crystals

37. Compare and Contrast Properties of Salt and Sugar Salt and sugar share a lot of similar characteristics. Devise a way to check to identify them without tasting. Explain how evaporation is one of the few techniques to produce crystals.

38. Classify each into system Magnified 5X Sugar or Salt

39. Classify each into system Magnified 20X Sugar or Salt

40. What is that? Sugar Salt

41. Lesson 7- Revisiting Crystals

42. Analysis of Data List all of the positive data for maximum growth. List problems and try to write solutions for each. Design a method to grow crystals to achieve optimal results. Take the Crystal Challenge!!

43. Where do I go from here? You must grow your rock candy within the shortest time and be as cost efficient as possible. Prepare your group advertisement and test taste. Insure that ethics is a central component in your design project.

44. What should I give the teacher? Your Team’s Engineering Design Process Your data collected from your project Your product with packing Your research Your commercial Your Done!!!!

45. Thanks for the coffee sweeteners! Your chemical engineering teams are genius.