1. a modern approach input sentence syntax analysis (parsing) semantic analysis pragmatic analysis target representation grammar lexicon semantic rules contextual information morphological processing

2. step 1- morphological processing objective: strip words into roots & modifiers issues inflection(cat pl  cat-s) derivation(happy adj  happiness noun) compounding(toothpaste)

3. step 2- syntax analysis objectives:1check for correctness 2produce phrase structure uses parsera rule-based search engine grammarcontext-free production rules lexicondictionary of words & their categories

4. semantic processing (one approach) semantic rules in grammar  1st stage case frame verb form  primitive action case frame disambiguate & fill additional case frame slots check references with world and/or dialog do statement level inference integrate with dialog do event sequence dialog

5. the ambiguity problem eg: the boy kicked the ball under the tree grammar rules S  S PP S  NP VP NP  ?det *adj noun NP  NP PP

6. step-1: produce raw case frame verb cases the cat chased the rat in the kitchen the cat chased the rat into the kitchen the boy kicked the bal / wall under the tree common cases sourcestart-timeinstrument destinationend-timebeneficiary locationduration

7. semantics in grammar rules (s1 (s -> np vp *pp) (actor. np) (action. vp.action) (object. vp.object) *.pp ) (vp (vp -> verb np) (action. verb) (object. np) ) (np (np -> det noun ?pp) (det. noun) pp ) (pp (pp -> prep np) (prep. np) )

8. example frame #1 actor (quant specific) (tags animate male human) (qual (age (range 3 13))) (root boy) action (root kick) object (root ball) (tags manip) (posn-relative (locator beneath) (object (root tree)...etc... )

9. example frame #2 actor (quant specific) (tags animate male human) (qual (age (range 3 13))) (root boy) action (root kick) object (root ball) (tags manip) dest (posn-relative (locator beneath) (object (root tree)...etc... )

10. example verb form #1 primitive strike prohibited object (tags manip) slots instrument (part-of $actor foot) legal start-time, end-time, duration instrument, beneficiary, location illegal source, dest

11. example verb form #2 primitive push required object (tags manip) slots instrument (part-of $actor foot) legal source, dest, start-time, end-time, instr, beneficiary, locatn, duration

12. semantic processing (one approach) ×semantic rules in grammar  1st stage case frame ×verb form  primitive action case frame ×disambiguate & fill additional case frame slots Þcheck references with world and/or dialog Þdo statement level inference integrate with dialog do event sequence dialog

13. integration with dialog dialogs have... players (actors) props (objects) locations (from case frames) themes (derived) event sequences (from themes) plans (from themes and/or derived)

14. event sequence set of... players (actors) props (objects) series of... semantically encoded activities (matched) escapes, exceptions & alternatives