1. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY-2 (MLT 302) LIVER FUNCTION AND THE BILIARY TRACT LECTURE FIVE
Dr. Essam H. Aljiffri

2. LIVER DISEASES Acute Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis occurs as a complication of many viral infections, the term viral hepatitis usually refers to three types of infection (A, B and C).
Hepatitis A is transmitted by the oro-faecal route while;
hepatitis B and C are transmitted by
blood products or other body fluids.
Attacks vary in severity and may be asymptomatic with only a transient rise in transaminases.

3. Acute Viral Hepatitis
The basic pathology of these infections is similar;
acute inflammation, and
hepatic necrosis occurs.
Symptoms are often non­specific at presentation, including;
Anorexia, and
Nausea.

4. Acute Viral Hepatitis
Serum transaminases may be elevated significantly, sometimes exceeding 20 times the upper limit of normal.
Serum transaminase activities usually peak before the onset of jaundice which occurs typically 34 days following the onset of symptoms,
the urine often becoming dark and the feces pale.

5. Acute Viral Hepatitis
Impaired excretion of bilirubin from hepatocytes is often the major cause of hyperbilirubinaemia which is therefore mainly conjugated.

6. Acute Viral Hepatitis Bilirubinuria is common.
Modest increases in alkaline phosphatase greater than three times the upper limit of normal.

7. Chronic Hepatitis
Chronic persistent hepatitis may follow acute viral hepatitis.
Transaminase activities often being abnormal biochemical finding.

8. Chronic Hepatitis Chronic active hepatitis may result from persisting:
hepatitis B infection,
other viral infections,
auto-immune hepatitis,
drug reactions,
alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency,
alcohol abuse.

9. Chronic Hepatitis
Jaundice with very high serum transaminase activities is common;
immunoglobulin levels are often high.
Serum albumin concentrations may fall as the disease progresses.

10. Hepatic Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is a diffuse process in which fibrosis and nodule formation follows:
hepatocellular necrosis.
There are many causes:

11. Causes of liver cirrhosis
Chronic alcohol abuse
Viral hepatitis
Inherited metabolic disorders
Haemochromatosis
Wilson’s disease
Galactosaemia
α-Antitrypsin deficiency
Tyrosinaemia
Type IV glycogen storage disease
Prolonged cholestasis
Hepatic venous outflow obstruction
Heart failure
Toxins, drugs

12. Hepatic Cirrhosis
The normal architecture of the liver is disrupted in cirrhosis, with changes in the blood supply resulting in portal hypertension.
Slight increases in transaminases, particularly AST and GGT, are the commonest abnormalities

13. Hepatic Cirrhosis
Jaundice is accompanied by increased urobilinogen and bilirubin excretion in urine.
Increases in serum immunoglobulins may occur.
Patients with cirrhosis are at increased risk of developing:
hepatocellular carcinoma, indicated by
( high alpha-fetoprotein concentrations
in serum).

14. Hepatocellular and Acute (Fulminant) Hepatic Failure
Hepatocellular failure may result from almost all causes of liver disease including:
viral hepatitis,
cirrhosis,
drug overdoses, e.g. paracetamol, and
prolonged cholestasis.
Jaundice is often progressive and transaminases are usually raised.

15. Hepatocellular and Acute (Fulminant) Hepatic Failure
Changes in nitrogen metabolism occur, including:
reduced urea synthesis and
Blood levels of ammonia may rise.
Hypoglycaemia may occur owing to impaired gluconeogenesis.
Abnormalities in oestrogen and androgen metabolism occur and a degree of feminization is common in male patients.

16. Hepatocellular and Acute (Fulminant) Hepatic Failure
Testicular atrophy is common, with reduced testosterone level, particularly in:
alcoholic patients.
Fulminant hepatic failure is caused by:
sudden massive necrosis, or
severe impairment of liver function.

17. Hepatic Malignancy The liver is a common site for secondary carcinoma.
Increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and GGT due to:
tumours causing cholestasis in parts of the liver are common abnormalities of liver function tests.

18. Toxic Liver Damage Liver injury may follow exposure to a number of:
pharmacological,or
chemical agents.
With some, toxic effects are predictable and dose-related.

19. Gallstones
Most gallstones, unlike renal stones, do not contain calcium and are:
radiotranslucent.
The main constituent of gallstones in Western countries is cholesterol.
Cholesterol gallstone formation due to:
supersaturation of the bile with cholesterol.