1. Algorithm Programming 1 89-210 I/O via Java Streams Bar-Ilan University 2007-2008 תשס"ח by Moshe Fresko

2. Java I/O Streams  Java I/O uses abstraction of “ streaming ” concept Stream : Abstract Representation of an Input/Output device, that is source of, or destination of data.  Input stream : To read data from.  Output stream : To write data to.  In library java.io.* we have two sets of I/O classes Byte Oriented classes  The Abstract Classes are: InputStream OutputStream Char Oriented classes (16 bit Unicode)  The Abstract Classes are: Reader Writer

3. Defining a File  java.io.File class : An abstract representation of file or directory pathnames. File(String pathname) … String getAbsolutePath() String getPath() String getName() … boolean exists() boolean canRead() boolean canWrite() … boolean createNewFile() boolean mkdir() boolean delete() etc.

4. Java Byte Oriented I/O  Byte based Abstract I/O Classes java.io.InputStream  InputStream()  int read() throws IOException  int read(byte[] dest) throws IOException  int read(byte[] dest, int offset, int length) throws IOException  void close() throws IOException  int available() throws IOException  long skip(long nbytes) throws IOException  boolean markSupported()  void mark(int readlimit)  void reset() throws IOException java.io.OutputStream  OutputStream()  void write(int b) throws IOException  void write(byte[] b) throws IOException  void write(byte[] b, int offset, int length) throws IOException  void flush() throws IOException  void close() throws IOException

5. DECORATOR pattern  We want to define an abstract Food class (or a Food Interface) to represent any food that can be sold in a Pizza shop. Let ’ s look to the following design … interface Food { float getPrice() ; String getDescription() ; } class Pizza implements Food { float getPrice() { return 50 ; } String getDescription() { return “Regular Pizza” ; } } class PizzaWithOnion extends Pizza // Adds 5 shekels { float getPrice() { return super.getPrice()+5 ; } String getDescription() { return super.getDescription() + “ with Onion” ; } }

6. DECORATOR pattern class PizzaWithCorn extends Pizza {// Adds 7 shekels … } class PizzaWithOnionAndCorn extends Pizza {// Adds 12 shekels … } // Etc. … // In the program Food f = new PizzaWithOnionAndCorn() ; … System.out.println(“You bought : “+f.getDescription()) ; System.out.println(“Price in Shekels is : “+f.getPrice()) ; …

7. DECORATOR pattern  Problems: 1. Many classes have to be defined … (For all the combinations) 2. What if Corn ’ s price will rise from 7 shekels to 8 shekel ? 3. What if we have another addition, let ’ s say “ Tuna Fish ” ?

8. DECORATOR pattern  Alternative design with “ Decorator ” pattern interface Food { float getPrice() ; String getDescription() ; } class Pizza implements Food { float getPrice() { return 50 ; } String getDescription() { return “Regular Pizza” ; } } class Addition implements Food { Food f ; Addition(Food f) { this.f = f ; } float getPrice() { return f.getPrice() ; } String getDescription() { return f.getDescription() ; } }

9. DECORATOR pattern class PlusOnion extends Addition { PlusOnion(Food f) { super(f) ; } float getPrice() { return super.getPrice() + 5 ; } String getDescription() { return super.getDescription() + “, with Onion”); } } class PlusCorn extends Addition { PlusCorn(Food f) { super(f) ; } float getPrice() { return super.getPrice() + 7 ; } String getDescription() { return super.getDescription() + “, with Corn”); } } // Etc. … // In the program Food f = new PlusOnion(new PlusCorn(new Pizza())) ; … System.out.println(“You bought : “+f.getDescription()) ; System.out.println(“Price in Shekels is : “+f.getPrice()) ;

10. DECORATOR pattern  The use of layered objects to dynamically and transparently add responsibilities to individual objects is referred to as the “ decorator ” pattern.  Some properties 1. Used when sub-classing creates too many (and inflexible) classes More flexible then static inheritance 2. All decorators that wrap around the original object must have the same basic interface 3. Changing the skin (vs. changing functionality internals like in Strategy) 4. Component classes must be lightweight 5. We can omit abstract decorator if we have only one decorator 6. Tradeoff: a. Coding is more complicated when using decorators b. A decorator and its component aren ’ t identical c. Lots of little objects 7. Decorator classes can add functionality

11. Decorator

12. Java Byte Oriented I/O classes  “ InputStream ” classes FileInputStream : Reads from a file ByteArrayInputStream : Reads from a byte-array StringBufferInputStream : Reads from a String PipedInputStream : Reads from another output pipe SequenceInputStream : Reads from two or more “ InputStreams ” sequentially FilterInputStream : As a “ DECORATOR ” abstract class  DataInputStream : To Read Primitive Data Types. readInt(), readByte()  BufferedInputStream : Adds buffering  LineNumberInputStream : Counts the number of lines  PushbackInputStream : Can push-back a character  “ OutputStream ” classes FileOutputStream ByteArrayOutputStream PipedOutputStream FilterOutputStream  DataOutputStream  PrintStream  BufferedOutputStream

13. Input Stream Definition // As it is defined in Java public abstract class InputStream { //... public abstract int read() throws IOException; public int read(byte b[]) throws IOException { return read(b, 0, b.length); } public int read(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException { //... } //... public void close() throws IOException { } //... }

14. Filter Input Stream Definition // As it is defined in Java public class FilterInputStream extends InputStream { protected InputStream in; protected FilterInputStream(InputStream in) { this.in = in; } public int read() throws IOException { return in.read(); } public int read(byte b[]) throws IOException { return read(b, 0, b.length); } public int read(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException { return in.read(b, off, len); } public void close() throws IOException { in.close(); } //... }

15. I/O Examples import java.io.* ; public class FileCopy { // Copies one file to another public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { if (args.length<2) { System.out.println("arguments: SourceFile DestFile") ; System.exit(1) ; } InputStream in=new BufferedInputStream( new FileInputStream(args[0])); OutputStream out=new BufferedOutputStream( new FileOutputStream(args[1])); int next ; while((next=in.read())>=0) out.write(next) ; in.close() ; out.close() ; }

16. Char based I/O Classes  Unicode Char based Abstract I/O Classes java.io.Reader  Reader()  Reader(Object lock)  int read() throws IOException  int read(char[] dest) throws IOException  int read(char[] dest, int offset, int length) throws IOException  void close() throws IOException  long skip(long nchars) throws IOException  boolean markSupported()  void mark(int readlimit)  void reset() throws IOException  void ready() throws IOException java.io.Writer  Writer()  Writer(Object lock)  void write(int c) throws IOException  void write(char[] b) throws IOException  void write(char[] c, int offset, int length) throws IOException  void write(String s) throws IOException  void write(byte[] c, int offset, int length) throws IOException  void flush() throws IOException  void close() throws IOException

17. I/O Examples import java.io.* ; class DoubleTheNumber { public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException { BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); System.out.print("Enter a number:") ; String s = br.readLine() ; int i=Integer.parseInt(s) ; i*=2 ; System.out.println("Twice this much is:"+i) ; }