1.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 154 The Magnetic and Electric Dipole Moments of the Muon Lee Roberts Department of Physics Boston University roberts @bu.edu http://g2pc1.bu.edu/~roberts

2.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 254 Outline Introduction to the muon Magnetic ( a  ) and electric ( d  ) dipole moments –E821 result and the SM –(new) E821 EDM limit Limits on CPT/Lorentz Violation in muon spin precession Future improvements in a ,  d  ? Summary and conclusions.

3.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 354 First published observation of the muon came from cosmic rays: “a particle of uncertain nature” Paul Kunze, Z. Phys. 83, 1 (1933)

4.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 454 Identified in 1936 Study of cosmic rays by Seth Neddermeyer and Carl Anderson

5.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 554 Muon properties: Lifetime ~2.2  s, practically forever 2 nd generation lepton m   m e = 206.768 277(24) produced polarized –in-flight decay: both “forward” and “backward” muons are highly polarized Paul Scherrer Institut has 10 8 low-energy  /s in a beam

6.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 654 Death of the Muon Decay is self analyzing

7.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 754 Theory of Magnetic and Electric Dipole Moments Proc. R. Soc. (London) A117, 610 (1928)

8.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 854 Magnetic and Electric Dipole Moments

9.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 954 The magnetic dipole moment directed along spin. Dirac + Pauli moment e vrs.  : relative contribution of heavier things Dirac Theory: g s = 2 For leptons, radiative corrections dominate the value of a ≃ 0.00116…

10.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 1054 Modern Notation: Muon Magnetic Dipole Momoment a  Muon EDM chiral changing

11.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 1154 The SM Value for the muon anomaly (10 -10 ) # from Miller, de Rafael, Roberts, Rep. Prog. Phys. 70 (2007) 795–881

12.  - p. 12/54 B. L. Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 Since a μ represents a sum over all physics, it is sensitive to a wide range of potential new physics

13.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 1354 a μ is sensitive to a wide range of new physics substructure

14.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 1454 a μ is sensitive to a wide range of new physics substructure SUSY (with large tanβ ) many other things (extra dimensions, etc.)

15.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 1554 Momentum turns with  C, cyclotron frequency Spin turns with  S Spin turns relative to the momentum with  a Spin Motion in a Magnetic Field

16.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 1654 First muon spin rotation experiment

17.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 1754 First muon spin rotation experiment

18.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 1854

19.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 1954 Subsequent (g-2) experiments measured the difference frequency,  a, between the spin and momentum precession 0 With an electric quadrupole field for vertical focusing:

20.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 2054 Inflector Kicker Modules Storage ring Central orbit Injection orbit Pions p=3.1GeV/c Experimental Technique Muon polarization Muon storage ring injection & kicking focus with Electric Quadrupoles 24 electron calorimeters R=711.2cm d=9cm (1.45T) Electric Quadrupoles (thanks to Q. Peng) x c ≈ 77 mm b ≈ 10 mrad  ·  ≈ 0.1 Tm xcxc R R b Target 25ns bunch of 5 X 10 12 protons from AGS

21.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 2154 muon (g-2) storage ring Muon lifetime t m = 64.4 ms (g-2) period t a = 4.37 ms Cyclotron period t C = 149 ns

22.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 2254 To measure  a, we used Pb-scintillating fiber calorimeters. Count number of e - with E e ≥ 1.8 GeV 400 MHz digitizer gives t, E

23.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 2354 We count high-energy electrons as a function of time.

24.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 2454 The ± 1 ppm uniformity in the average field is obtained with special shimming tools. We can shim the dipole, quadrupole sextupole independently

25.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 2554 The ± 1 ppm uniformity in the average field is obtained with special shimming tools. 0.5 ppm contours

26.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 2654 The magnetic field is measured and controlled using pulsed NMR and the free-induction decay. Calibration to a spherical water sample that ties the field to the Larmor frequency of the free proton  p. So we measure  a and  p

27.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 2754 When we started in 1983, theory and experiment were known to about 10 ppm. Theory uncertainty was ~ 9 ppm Experimental uncertainty was 7.3 ppm

28.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 2854 E821 achieved 0.5 ppm and the e + e - based theory is also at the 0.6 ppm level. Difference is 3.4  MdRR=Miller, de Rafael, Roberts, Rep. Prog. Phys. 70 (2007) 795

29.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 2954 If the electroweak contribution is left out of the standard-model value, we get a 5.1  difference.

30.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 3054 In a constrained minimal supersymmetric model, (g-2)  provides an independent constraint on the SUSY LSP (lightest supersymmetric partner) being the dark matter candidate. CMSSM calculation Following Ellis, Olive, Santoso, Spanos, provided by K. Olive Historically muon (g-2) has played an important role in restricting models of new physics. It provides constraints that are independent and complementary to high-energy experiments. a  helps constrain new physics

31.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 3154 Model UED The Snowmass Points and Slopes give benchmarks to test observables with model predictions Muon g-2 is a powerful discriminator... no matter where the final value lands! Future? Present

32.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 3254 a  will help constrain the interpretation of LHC data, e.g. tan  and sgn  parameter MSSM reference point SPS1a With these SUSY parameters, LHC gets tan  of 10.22 ± 9.1. See: arXiv:0705.4617v1 [hep-ph] Even with no improvement, a  will provide the best value for tan  and show  > 0 to > 3 

33.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 3354 Improved experiment and theory for a  is important MSSM reference point SPS1a With these SUSY parameters, LHC gets tan  of 10.22 ± 9.1. See: arXiv:0705.4617v1 [hep-ph]  > 0 by > 6  tan  to < 20%

34.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 3454 Search for a Muon EDM

35.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 3554 Electric Dipole Moment: P T If CPT is valid, an EDM would imply non-standard model CP. Transformation Properties

36.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 3654 Purcell and Ramsey: EDM would violate Parity Proposed to search for an EDM of the neutron Phys. Rev. 78 (1950) “raises directly the question of parity.”

37.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 3754 Spin Frequencies:  in B field with MDM & EDM The motional E - field, β X B, is (~GV/m). 0

38.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 3854 Spin Frequencies:  in B field with MDM & EDM The EDM causes the spin to precess out of plane. The motional E - field, β X B, is (~GV/m). 0

39.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 3954 Number above (+) and below (-) the midplane will vary as: Total frequency Plane of the spin precession tipped by the angle   aa 

40.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 4054 We have looked for this vertical oscillation in 3 ways 5-piece vertical hododscope in front of the calorimeters called an FSD –14 detector stations Much finer x-y hododscope called a PSD –5 detector stations Traceback straw tube array –1 station No significant oscillation was found The observed  a  is not from an EDM at the 2.2  level *Coming soon to a preprint server near you

41.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 4154 The present EDM limits are orders of magnitude from the standard-model value ParticlePresent EDM limit (e-cm) SM value (e-cm) n future  exp 10 -24 to 10 -25 * final and will be submitted to PRD soon

42. B. Lee Roberts, NuFact2008 – 4 July 2008 - p. 42/46 10 -28 Left - Right MSSM  ~  Multi Higgs MSSM  ~ 1 10 -24 10 -22 10 -26 10 -30 10 -32 10 -34 10 -36 e EDM (e.cm) E. Hinds’ e-EDM experiment at Imperial College with YbF molecules is starting to explore this region Standard Model d e < 1.6 x 10 -27 e.cm Commins (2002) Excluded region (Tl atomic beam) with thanks to Ed Hinds n The SUSY CP problem! The strong CP problem! 199 Hg

43.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 4354 Dedicated EDM Experiment With  a = 0, the EDM causes the spin to steadily precess out of the plane. 0 Use a radial E-field to turn off the  a precession 

44.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 4454 Muon EDM Limits: Present and Future E821 E821: G. Bennett, et al., (Muon g-2 collaboration) to be submitted to PRD 2008 Factory Need: NA 2 = 10 16 for d  ≃ 10 -23 e ·cm new (g-2) ?

45.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 4554 Connection between MDM, EDM and the lepton flavor violating transition moment  → e  → e → e MDM, EDM ~~ SUSY slepton mixing

46.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 4654 An intermezzo: The search for CPT/Lorentz violation in muon spin precession

47.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 4754

48.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 4854 What we measure that could show CPT/Lorentz violation BUT Instead we have to use  p is not affected to our level of sensitivity 0

49.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 4954 CPT/Lorentz violation in the Lagrangian* a , b  are CPT odd, others CPT even All terms violate Lorentz invariance In lowest-order, a  is insensitive to violating terms *Bluhm, Kostelecký, Lane, PRL 84,1098 (2000)

50.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 5054 Difference between  a for  + and  - Sidereal time oscillation in  a not seen: Two tests of CPT/Lorentz violation: Bennett, et al., Phys. Rev. D73, 072003-1

51.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 5154 The limits translate into 95% CL limits on parameters note that dividing by m  Muonium hyperfine structure electron in a penning trap

52.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 5254 Future Improvements in a  ? Theory (strong interaction part) will improve. –both lowest order, and light-by-light If money were no object, how well could the experiment be improved? –The limit of our technique is between ~0.1 and 0.06 ppm.

53.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 5354 The error budget for a new experiment represents a continuation of improvements already made during E821 Field improvements: better trolley calibrations, better tracking of the field with time, temperature stability of room, improvements in the hardware Precession improvements will involve new beam scraping scheme, lower thresholds, more complete digitization periods, better energy calibration Systematic uncertainty (ppm)1998199920002001E??? Goal Magnetic field – w p 0.50.40.240.17 ≤ 0.1 Statistical uncertainty (ppm)4.91.30.620.66? Total Uncertainty (ppm)5.01.30.730.72 ≃ 0.1 Anomalous precession – w a 0.80.30.310.21 ≤ 0.1

54.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 5454 Possible Future Experiments ? Brookhaven –E969 aimed for 0.2 ppm overall error –No funding, most unlikely Fermilab –the  → e conversion experiment is top priority in the recent P5 recommendations. –g-2 is mentioned as important, but with the three sites mentioned as possibilities. We would aim for 0.1 ppm total error. It could be done at FNAL, and we have received significant interest there. J-PARC –Significant interest in moving the ring there. goal is ≤ 0.1 total error

55.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 5554 The measurement of e - and  ± magnetic dipole moments has been an important benchmark for the development of QED and the standard model of particle physics. The muon anomaly has been particularly valuable in restricting physics beyond the standard model, and will continue to do so in the LHC Era There appears to be a difference between a  and the standard-model prediction at the 3.4  level. Much activity continues on the theoretical front. A new limit on the EDM is now available The experiment can certainly be improved... and we look forward to discussions with FNAL and J-PARC Summary

56.  B. Lee Roberts, Heidelberg – 11 June 2008 - p. 5654 THE END