1. Announcements For exam and homework due dates, please see course website. Instructions for HW #1 also posted to course website. Due Friday, Aug. 29. The desk near the middle entrance to the lecture hall and several front row seats need to be reserved for students with disabilities.

2. Questions from last time?

3. NATS 101 Section 4: Lecture 2 Atmospheric Composition and Structure

4. Composition of the Dry Atmosphere GasChemical symbol% of Atmosphere NitrogenN2N2 78.08 OxygenO2O2 20.95 ArgonAr0.93 NeonNe0.0018 HeliumHe0.0005 HydrogenH2H2 0.00006 XenonXe0.000009 Water vapor (H 2 O) comprises 0 to 4% of the atmosphere and is highly dependent on the specific location. More on that later… Chemically active Inert gases (not reactive)

5. Important Trace Gases GasChemical symbolConcentration (ppm) Carbon dioxideCO 2 380 (at present) MethaneCH 4 1.7 Nitrous OxideN2ON2O0.3 OzoneO3O3 0.04 Particulates0.01-0.15 ChloroflourocarbonsCFCs0.0002 These gases are “important” because they : Affect Earth’s energy budget and/or atmospheric chemistry. May be human influenced (e.g. global warming, ozone hole, etc.) ppm = parts per million

6. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) The “Keeling curve” shows increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa since 1950s

7. Stratospheric Ozone and CFCs Stratospheric ozone protects from Sun’s UV rays. An ozone hole occurs over the polar regions because of the combination of CFCs, chemical reactions on polar stratospheric clouds, and the dynamics of the polar vortex. (NASA imagery)

8. Water Vapor Water vapor is highly dependent on the given weather conditions and local climate. It also plays a big role in the Earth’s energy budget, as we’ll see later… You’re probably more familiar with the measure of dewpoint… Model forecast output (from NCAR).

9. Mass, Force, Weight, Density, and Pressure

10. What is mass? Mass is an intrinsic property based on the molecular composition of matter. As long as the amount of matter does not change, it’s mass remains constant—regardless of location. SI units of mass: grams (g) or kilograms (kg) SI Units = Système Internationale Units Just to clarify this IS NOT a course in French! Basically think SI  metric system.

11. Some SI Units we’ll use in next few lectures QuantityName (Symbol)SI Units Lengthmeterm Timeseconds Massgrams or kilogramsg or kg Areameter squaredm2m2 Volumemeter cubedm3m3 Densitykilograms per meter cubed kg m -3 Frequencyhertzs -1 Velocity or speedmeter per secondm s -1 Accelerationmeter per second squaredm s -2 Forcenewton (N)m kg s -2 Pressurepascal (Pa)m -1 kg s -2 Energyjoule (J)m 2 kg s -2 ALL quantities are derived from: LENGTH TIME MASS Note: Temperature is actually a measure of energy, and we’ll talk about that next week…

12. Now let’s use our basic units of length, time, and mass to start deriving some more complex units of measures…

13. What is force? Let’s ask some experts… The force is all around us and binds all things, young Skywalker… What would Sir Isaac Newton say to that? Master Yoda, Jedi Knight

14. What say you, Sir Isaac? Sir Isaac Newton Now see here Master Yoda! In my galaxy force is the mass of an object multiplied the change in its velocity over time, or acceleration! FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION F = ma SI Units: Newton (kg m s -2 ) …looking QUITE disgruntled!

15. What is weight? NOT the same as mass! The concept of weight is a specific application of the concept of force: Weight (W) is the force on an object to the gravitational acceleration (g): W = mg Weight (kg m s -2 ) = mass (kg) X gravitational acceleration (m s -2 ) We Americans typically think in terms of pounds (English system): FYI  1 pound force = 4.44 Newtons

16. Weight is dependent on the size of the attracting body… Newton’s law of gravitation indicates that the gravitation acceleration is dependent on the size of the body. The more massive, the bigger g. g of Earth = 9.8 m s -2 g of Moon = 1.6 m s -2 (About 1/6 of Earth)

17. Alan Shepard showed us that playing in lunar gravity certainly might improve your golf game! Just how much is that shot worth?!

18. What is density? Density (ρ) is the mass (m) per unit volume (V): SI Units: kg m -3 or g m -3

19. Changes in density Density DECREASES when: Mass decreases or volume increases a b Density INCREASES when: Mass increases or volume decreases Original box Add more massDecrease volume

20. What is pressure? Pressure (P) is the force per unit area (A) SI Units: m -1 kg s -2 = Pa (Pascal) The typical unit of atmospheric pressure is millibars 1 mb = 100 Pa The air pressure at the surface of the Earth at sea level is defined as 1 Atmosphere (Atm): “Atmosphere”  1 Atm = 1013 mb = 29.92 in Hg Blaise Pascal

21. Air pressure Given the mathematical definitions we’ve already discussed, air pressure can be thought of as the weight of a column of air above you. Top Bottom Higher elevation Less air above Lower pressure Lower elevation More air above Higher pressure Increasing pressure

22. Mercury Barometer One atmosphere

23. Change in density and pressure with height Density and pressure decrease exponentially with height. For each 16 km in altitude, the pressure decreases by a factor of 10..

24. So if you ever decide to be ambitious and brave the top of Mt. Everest, make sure to bring oxygen! You won’t get very far with an air pressure of 300 mb! Top of Mount Everest Elevation 8,850 m (29,035 ft.)

25. Equation for pressure variation Given that we know atmospheric pressure changes exponentially with height, we can apply this relationship to derive the air pressure at various altitudes above sea level: Z= Elevation in kilometers P = pressure in mb at location P MSL = mean sea level pressure in mb = 1013 mb OR e = exponential function = 2.71828….

26. Surface pressure Tucson vs. Humphrey’s Peak Tucson: Elevation 728 m Humphrey’s Peak: Elevation 3850 m Highest Point in AZ

27. Using equation for pressure variation P = 912 mb P = 582 mb TUCSONHUMPHREY’S PEAK

28. Change in Temperature with Height Changes in temperature are more complicated and have to do with the radiative processes in different parts of the atmosphere (more on that later…) The rate of change of temperature with height is called the lapse rate. Positive lapse rate mean temperature decrease with height. The places where the sign of the lapse rate changes defines the different levels of the atmosphere. inversion isothermal 6.5 o C/km

29. Atmospheric Layers Troposphere (surface – 11 km): Nearly all of what we think of as “weather” happens here. Lapse rate of 6.5 °C per km. “Tropo” = Greek for “overturning” Stratosphere (11 km – 50 km): Where the ozone layer is located and Sun’s UV rays are absorbed by photodissociation. “Strato” = Greek for “layered” Mesosphere (50 km – 90 km) Thermosphere: (90 km – 500 km): Ionization of atmospheric gases Exosphere (500 km): Basically outer space…

30. Reading Assignment Ahrens: Second half of Chapter 1, pp. 16-24 (8 th ed.) pp. 18-25 (9 th ed.) Appendices B and C: Weather Station Models Chapter 1 Questions: Questions for Review: 2,5,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,19 Questions for Thought: 2,3

31. Summary of Lecture 2 The atmosphere is composed of chemically active and inert gases. The “important” gases affect the Earth’s energy budget and/or atmospheric chemistry. Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone are good examples. We defined mass, force, weight, density, and pressure. Know how each of these are derived, what they physically mean, and their SI units of measurement. Pressure can be thought of as the weight of a column of air above you, and it decreases exponentially with height. A simple equation was presented with relates the variation in pressure with height. Temperature changes with height are more complicated and have to do with radiative processes in different parts of the atmosphere. Places where the lapse rate changes define the various atmospheric layers.