1. Ethical Philosophies Utilitarianism (Bentham & Mills)
Ethics of consequences
Deontology (Kant)
Ethics of Duty (Ethical laws)
Principles willed into Universal laws
Treat people as ends (not means)
Virtues (Aristotle)
Ethics of Character

2. Philosophical Ethics Teleological Deontological Results oriented
Actions have no intrinsic ethical character (acquire moral status from their consequences) or
Deontological
Act oriented
Actions are inherently right or wrong (e.g., lying, cheating, stealing)

3. Philosophically Based Ethics (another perspective)
Utilitarianism (Bentham & Mills)
Ethics of consequences
Deontology (Kant)
Ethics of Duty (Ethical laws)
Principles willed into Universal laws
Treat people as ends (not means)
Virtues (Aristotle)
Ethics of Character

4. Bentham’s Hedonistic Calculus
Bentham (not originally called Utilitarianism)
Moral science (vs. ascetic religious)
Quantifying pleasure
Pleasure good, pain bad
Hedonistic calculus (7 aspects)
Intensity (Intrinsic strength of the pleasurable or painful feelings produced.)
Duration (how long they last)
Certainty / Uncertainty (likelihood of sensations being produced by given action.
Propinquity / Remoteness (how soon they will be felt)
Fecundity (whether actions lead to pleasure)
Purity (whether actions lead to pain)
Extent (number of people affected)
Open, public, objective, fair
Mill’s types of pleasure (quality vs. quantity)

5. Business Systems Economic systems (underlying ideologies) Market
“normative” beliefs
Motivation?
Basic purpose(s)?
Function of society
Market
Free-Market
John Locke’s (rights)
All are free and equal
Rights of freedom, property, and protection
Negative / positive rights?
Rights versus justice?
Individualistic assumption?
Adam Smith’s (utilitarian)
Market competition serves society better than government
Unrealistic assumptions of perfect competition

6. Business Systems Keynesian Social Darwinism Free-Trade
Free-markets alone are not enough
Not the most efficient
Social Darwinism
Survival of the fittest
Penalties for incompetence and ignorance
Naturalistic fallacy
Free-Trade
Benefits of specialization and trade
Comparative (rather than absolute) advantage
Production costs are not constant
Means of production is portable.

7. Business Systems Command
Marx’s economic substructure / social superstructure
Exploitation of workers “surplus”
Separation (alienation) of workers from product
Subordination of government to ruling class’ interests
State control is victimized by individuals
Mixed Economy
Retains Market and Private Property system
Relies on governmental policies

8. Business Ethics Cell X Cell 1 Legal Responsibility Ethical
Economic
Responsibility

9. Business Ethics Cell X Legal Ethical Responsibility Responsibility
Profitable, Legal and Ethical
Proceed with enthusiasm!
Economic
Responsibility

10. Business Ethics Cell 1 Cell 1 Legal Ethical Responsibility
Legal and Ethical
Not Profitable:
Seek Profitable alternatives
Cell 1
Legal
Responsibility
Ethical
Responsibility
Economic
Responsibility

11. Business Ethics Legal Ethical Responsibility Responsibility Cell 2
Profitable and Legal
Proceed cautiously
Cell2
Economic
Responsibility

12. Business Ethics Cell 3 Legal Ethical Responsibility Responsibility
Profitable and ethical
Likely, also legal;
Proceed cautiously
Legal
Responsibility
Ethical
Responsibility
Cell 3
Economic
Responsibility

13. Bremer’s “big picture” perspective

14. Three Models of Managerial Ethics
Moral
Management
Amoral
Management
Immoral
Management
Unintentional
Intentional

16. Ethical Standards? Integrity Honesty Fidelity Charity Tolerance
Possessing and adhering to high principles
Honesty
Fair, just, truthful and morally upright
Fidelity
Loyalty, allegiance, accuracy
Charity
Voluntarily helping those in need
Tolerance
Ability to endure hardship, accepting different views
Responsibility
Accountable, willing to take a stand
Self-Discipline
Ability to motivate or restrain oneself