2. Mackenzie Gas Pipeline The Policy Landscape and the Road Forward Tind Shepper Ryen The Policy Landscape and the Road Forward Tind Shepper Ryen

3. An Overview  Day 1 – Grab food and drink… – Introduction – The Berger Report – Today’s climate  Day 2 – Where to? Hurdles to the MGP.  Scandal, cooperation, regulation, and oversight.  Day 1 – Grab food and drink… – Introduction – The Berger Report – Today’s climate  Day 2 – Where to? Hurdles to the MGP.  Scandal, cooperation, regulation, and oversight.

4. Earth

5. Water

6. Air

7. Plants

8. Animals

9. People

10. Pipeline

11. Oil and Gas in the Arctic  Artic oil, gas, and pipelines all the rage: – First well in 1922, at Norman Wells. – WWII Canol pipeline:  Norman Wells to Whitehorse, Yukon.  Dismantled at end of war, but ROW still exists. – First Arctic Island oil well in 1961, Melville Island.  Artic oil, gas, and pipelines all the rage: – First well in 1922, at Norman Wells. – WWII Canol pipeline:  Norman Wells to Whitehorse, Yukon.  Dismantled at end of war, but ROW still exists. – First Arctic Island oil well in 1961, Melville Island.

12. The Pace Quickens  Mackenzie Delta oil rig drilled in 1969. – Gas rig followed, 1970 at Parson’s Lake.  Large reserves in Prudhoe Bay found in 1967.  1973, OPEC begins oil embargo.  March 21, 1974, Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (Berger) established by act of Parliament.  Mackenzie Delta oil rig drilled in 1969. – Gas rig followed, 1970 at Parson’s Lake.  Large reserves in Prudhoe Bay found in 1967.  1973, OPEC begins oil embargo.  March 21, 1974, Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (Berger) established by act of Parliament.

13. An Exuberant Calm  1977, Berger Inquiry ends. – Moratorium on Valley pipeline for 10 years.  1980, National Energy Program – Write off >100% exploration costs.  1984, Inuvialuit land claim settlement.  August 2000, Canadian government opens new lands for exploration, netting $400,000,000 in bids and $1 billion in work commitments.  Now over 1900 wells above 60° latitude.  1977, Berger Inquiry ends. – Moratorium on Valley pipeline for 10 years.  1980, National Energy Program – Write off >100% exploration costs.  1984, Inuvialuit land claim settlement.  August 2000, Canadian government opens new lands for exploration, netting $400,000,000 in bids and $1 billion in work commitments.  Now over 1900 wells above 60° latitude.

14. Doomed to Repeat…  October, 2001, Memorandum of Understanding signed.  June 2003, Preliminary Information Package submitted to National Energy Board (NEB).  October, 2001, Memorandum of Understanding signed.  June 2003, Preliminary Information Package submitted to National Energy Board (NEB).

20. Berger Inquiry  Mackenzie Valley lands held by Crown, under Ministry of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. – Canadian government had a controlling interest in pipeline development.  Justice Thomas R. Berger appointed to lead inquiry.  Inquiry granted ability to compel testimony and documents.  283 volumes, >40,000 pages, $5.3 million.  Mackenzie Valley lands held by Crown, under Ministry of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. – Canadian government had a controlling interest in pipeline development.  Justice Thomas R. Berger appointed to lead inquiry.  Inquiry granted ability to compel testimony and documents.  283 volumes, >40,000 pages, $5.3 million.

21. Participants  Canadian Arctic Gas Pipeline Limited  Foothills Pipe Lines Ltd.  Canadian Arctic Resources Committee  Environment Protection Board  Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories  Metis Association of the Northwest Territories  Inuit Tapirisat of Canada  Committee for Original Peoples Entitlement  Yukon Native Brotherhood  Northwest Territories Association of Municipalities  Commission Counsel  Canadian Arctic Gas Pipeline Limited  Foothills Pipe Lines Ltd.  Canadian Arctic Resources Committee  Environment Protection Board  Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories  Metis Association of the Northwest Territories  Inuit Tapirisat of Canada  Committee for Original Peoples Entitlement  Yukon Native Brotherhood  Northwest Territories Association of Municipalities  Commission Counsel

22. I discovered that people in the North have strong feelings about the pipeline and large-scale frontier development. I listened to a brief by northern businessmen in Yellowknife who favour a pipeline through the North. Later, in a native village far away, I heard virtually the whole community express vehement opposition to such a pipeline. Both were talking about the same pipeline; both were talking about the same region - but for one group it is a frontier, for the other a homeland. -- Thomas Berger, V1 Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Commission Report. I discovered that people in the North have strong feelings about the pipeline and large-scale frontier development. I listened to a brief by northern businessmen in Yellowknife who favour a pipeline through the North. Later, in a native village far away, I heard virtually the whole community express vehement opposition to such a pipeline. Both were talking about the same pipeline; both were talking about the same region - but for one group it is a frontier, for the other a homeland. -- Thomas Berger, V1 Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Commission Report.

23. Why Berger?  Stakeholder participation. – Citizens, businessmen, etc. – Visited all 35 communities in the Mackenzie Valley.  Broad scope. – Investigated environmental, technical, social, cultural, and economic implications of pipelines.  Discovery process, and free flow of information.  Provides snapshot of conditions surrounding pipeline in the 70’s.  Stakeholder participation. – Citizens, businessmen, etc. – Visited all 35 communities in the Mackenzie Valley.  Broad scope. – Investigated environmental, technical, social, cultural, and economic implications of pipelines.  Discovery process, and free flow of information.  Provides snapshot of conditions surrounding pipeline in the 70’s.

24.  Sights and sounds Sights and sounds  Sights and sounds Sights and sounds

25. Main Conclusions: Environment  A pipeline would threaten Northern Yukon.  No energy corridor should be created in the Delta.  There were no major concerns in the Mackenzie Valley.  A number of parks and reserves should be created: – Northern Yukon, Porcupine Caribou. – Mackenzie Bay, White Whales. – Mackenzie Valley, bird sanctuaries. – ANWR  A pipeline would threaten Northern Yukon.  No energy corridor should be created in the Delta.  There were no major concerns in the Mackenzie Valley.  A number of parks and reserves should be created: – Northern Yukon, Porcupine Caribou. – Mackenzie Bay, White Whales. – Mackenzie Valley, bird sanctuaries. – ANWR

27. Main Conclusions: Economic  Large-scale projects based on non-renewables rarely provide long-term employment.  Natives will fill only unskilled and semi-skilled jobs during construction.  Development undermines self-employment through hunting, fishing, and trapping.  A pipeline may accentuate economic problems in the North.  The Northern economy will not decline if a pipeline is not built.  Large-scale projects based on non-renewables rarely provide long-term employment.  Natives will fill only unskilled and semi-skilled jobs during construction.  Development undermines self-employment through hunting, fishing, and trapping.  A pipeline may accentuate economic problems in the North.  The Northern economy will not decline if a pipeline is not built.

29. Main Conclusions: Social and Cultural  Native culture not taken seriously.  “…[S]ocial consequences of the pipeline will not only be serious- they will be devastating.”  Development must conform to the wishes of those who live there.  Native culture not taken seriously.  “…[S]ocial consequences of the pipeline will not only be serious- they will be devastating.”  Development must conform to the wishes of those who live there.

31. Main Conclusions: Land Claims  Land claims part of desire for self-determination and broader native rights.  Rapid industrialization will block settlement of native rights issues.  Special status should be granted native peoples.  Land claims part of desire for self-determination and broader native rights.  Rapid industrialization will block settlement of native rights issues.  Special status should be granted native peoples.

32. Land Claims  Deh Cho – 40% of MGP runs through Deh Cho land. – A settlement in principal has been achieved. – Deh Cho are not part of the APG.  6 other ongoing negotiations.  Deh Cho – 40% of MGP runs through Deh Cho land. – A settlement in principal has been achieved. – Deh Cho are not part of the APG.  6 other ongoing negotiations.

34. Lysyk In Brief  Highway Pipeline benefits will largely go outside of Yukon.  Large conditional support for pipeline if: – Native land claims are settled. – Pipeline company pays to mitigate negative consequences.  A planning and regulatory agency is needed.  The pipeline should be delayed four years.  Video Part 1 Video  Highway Pipeline benefits will largely go outside of Yukon.  Large conditional support for pipeline if: – Native land claims are settled. – Pipeline company pays to mitigate negative consequences.  A planning and regulatory agency is needed.  The pipeline should be delayed four years.  Video Part 1 Video

36. Next Time  Role of the Canadian government today.  Natural Gas Market.  Deh Cho obstacles.  Blanken Inquiry – Consensus building on MGP. Be prepared to talk! – The MPG will have what…  Environmental consequences?  Economic consequences?  Social consequences?  Role of the Canadian government today.  Natural Gas Market.  Deh Cho obstacles.  Blanken Inquiry – Consensus building on MGP. Be prepared to talk! – The MPG will have what…  Environmental consequences?  Economic consequences?  Social consequences?

37. End Tind Shepper Ryen Doctoral Candidate, Environmental Studies University of Colorado, Boulder ryen @ colorado.edu Tind Shepper Ryen Doctoral Candidate, Environmental Studies University of Colorado, Boulder ryen @ colorado.edu