1. Aspect-oriented programming Laura Ricci A.A. 2001-2002

2. Index  Introduction to AOP  What are aspects?  The role of aspects in software design  AOP issues  AspectJ  What next?

3. Introduction Currently, the dominant programming paradigm is object-oriented programming that: Object orientation is a clever idea, but has certain limitations  has been presented as a technology that can fundamentally aid software engineering  is reflected in the entire spectrum of current software development methodologies and tools

4. Introduction A new programming technique called aspect-oriented programming (AOP):  makes it possible to clearly express those programs that OOP fail to support  enables the modularization of crosscutting concerns by supporting a new unit of sw modularity – aspects – that provide encapsulation for crosscutting concernscrosscutting concerns

5. What are aspects? The current working definition is (May 99, Gregor Kiczales):  modular units that cross-cut the structure of other modular units  units that is defined in terms of partial information from other units  exist in both design and implementation

6. Concerns AOP is based on the idea that computer systems are better programmed by separately specifying the various concerns of a system Separation of concerns is an important software engineering principle guiding all stage of a sw development methodology Concerns:  are properties or areas of interest  can range from high-level notion ot low level- notion  can be functional or nonfunctional (systemic) back

7. Example of crosscutting concerns Consider: This requires every method that moves a figure element to do the notification  the UML for a simple figure editor in which there are two concrete classes of figure element, points and lines  the concern that the screen manager should be notified whenever a figure element moves It is taken from C. of the ACM

8. Example of crosscutting concerns Display FigureFigureElement * PointLine getX() getY() getP1 setP1 DisplayUpdating setX(int) setY(int) setP1(Point) setP2(Point) 2 The red box is drawn around every method that must implement this concern DisplayUpdating fits neither inside of nor around the other boxes in the figure DisplayUpdating cuts across the other boxes

9. What are aspects? Aspects are similar to classes because:  have type  can extend classes and other aspects  can be abstract or concrete  can have fields, methods, and types as members

10. What are aspects? Aspect are different than classes because:  can additionally include as members pointcuts (picks out join points), advice (code that executes at each join point )pointcutsadvice  do not have constructor or finalizer and they cannot be created with the new operator  priviliged aspects can access private members of other types

11. What are aspect? Aspects may arise at any stage of the software lifecycle Common example of crosscutting aspects are design or architectural constraints, systemic properties or behaviours and features

12. Examples of how aspects cross- cut components We wanted to implement a distributed digital library that stores documents in many forms and provides a wide range of operations on those documents application components aspects digital database, minimizing network Library printers, traffic, services synchronization constraints, failure handling It is taken from AOP document

13. Examples of how aspects cross- cut components There are several aspects of concerns, including:  communication, by which we mean controlling the amount of network bandwidth the application uses by being careful about which objects get copied in remote method calls  coordination constraints, by which we mean the synchronization rules require to ensure that the component program behaves correctly  failure handling, by which we mean handling the many different forms of failure that can arise in a distributed system

14. The role of aspects in software design AOP aims at providing better means of addressing the well-known problem of separation of concerns Three basic approaches to addressing the process of separation of concerns:  language-based  framework-based  architecture-oriented

15. Language-based approach It is based on the definition of a set of language constructs Relevant concerns are identified at the problem domain and translated to aspectual construct The final application is obtained by weaving the primary structure with the crosscutting aspects

16. Framework-based approach Provides more flexible constructs Concerns are materialized as aspectual classes at the framework level Developers can customize these aspects using the mechanism supported by the framework These types of framework are known as AO frameworks (explicitly engineers concerns)framework

17. Architecture-oriented approach Early identification of concerns using architectural organizational models Architectural view-point involves a higher level of abstraction than the previous approaches It tipically comprises two stages

18. Architecture-oriented approach First, developers should determine the problem architecture Then, the approach enables several kinds of aspect materialization through different frameworks Concerns are initially mapped to architectural construct

19. AOP technologies example Empirical analysis based on a simulation case study of the temperature control system (TCS) of a building () This comprises a building with rooms requiring specific temperatures and a network consisting of radiators, pipes and a boiler To simulate TCS, a simple mathematical model of temporal differential equations specifies the heat flow among the different components It is taken from C. of the ACM

20. AOP technologies example Relevant aspects in TCS Aspect It refers to how the simulated entities should run Relationships Synchronization Scheduling It basically involves access to shared variables and race condition Description It works together with scheduling It works together with synchronization

21. AOP technologies example Four different groups of programmers implementing:  typical OO view  aspect language (AL)  reflective AO framework (R-AO)  event-based architectural framework (EBA)

22. AOP technologies example  TCS evaluation according to the different implementation  Analyzed features: scheduling and synchronization  OO modeling: SS are scattered across the components requiring these facilities (inheritance anomalies)  EBA: SS are provided as built-in features in the framework. It may be difficult to customize some of these policies  R-AO – AL: There are specific aspects dealing with SS. They are kept separated, but some problems about the way they interact (aspect composition) may arise

23. AOP technologies example Several execution of the simulation programs are maded TCS performance with the different implementation:  results were very similar except in the case of R-AO  similarities found in the study seem to indicate that both EBA and AL run almost like standard code

24. AOP technologies example  To obtain a measure of the complexity of the implementations, it is gathered code statistics (NCSS) about:  number of methods per class  the NCSS per methods  cyclomatic complexity (CNN per methods) In particular, the best results were obtained with EBA (this payoff comes mainly from the autonomy of component and decoupling prescribed by framework).

25. The role of aspects in software design The central problem of aspect technologies, whatever the approach we consider, is not just about crosscutting or separation of concerns, but it involves deeper research about how to understand a number of software parts as separated artifacts and then integrate some of then into a coherent system

26. AOP issues AOP must address both what the programmer can say and how the computer system will realize the program in a program system AOP system:  provides a way of expressing crosscutting concerns  also ensures these mechanisms are conceptually straighforward and have efficient implementations

27. AOP issues How an AOP system specifies aspects: What composition mechanisms the system provides:  join points join points  aspect parameterization  d ominant decomposition  visibility  mechanism provided

28. AOP issues Implementation mechanisms: Software process:  static/dinamic distinction  modular compilation  target representation  methodology or framework (the system provides for organizing the system-building activity)  reusability  domain-specificity

29. AspectJ Aspectj is: Aspectj enables the modular implementation of a wide range of crosscutting concerns  a general-purpose Ao extension to Java  Java platform compatible  easy to learn and use  freely available under an Open Source license

30. AspectJ When written as an aspect the structure of a crosscutting concern is explicit and easy to reason about Aspects are modular AspectJ enables:  name-based crosscutting (tend to affect a small number of other classes)  property-based crosscutting (range from small to large scale)

31. AspectJ Adoption of it into an existing project can be a straightforward and incremental task: The goals of the AspectJ project are to make AOP technology available to a wide range of programmers, to build and support an AspectJ user community  to begin with development aspects  other paths are possible,depending on the needs of the projects Example

32. What next? Software engineering researchers provide some help to determine if it is beneficial for sw development organization to adopt AOP for building their sw products A number of study have been conducted to asses the usefulness of AOP Two basic techniques for assessing a programming technology:  experiments  case study

33. What next? Three areas emerge as important in supporting the use of AOP:  exposing join points  managing aspect interface  structuring aspects

34. References Communications of the ACM (October 2001-Volume 44, Number 10) AOP official web site: http://aosd.net/ AspectJ official web site: http://aspectj.org/ Sites from which you can find documents about conferences and several informations: http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/lieber/connection-to-aop.html http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/cnc/mscprojects/aspect/node1.htm l http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/cnc/mscprojects/aspect/node1.htm l http://www.cs.ubc.ca/labs/se/papers/1999/icse99-aop.html http://www.eclipse.net/~tomo/pisa/oopsla2000/p_netinant.h tml http://www.eclipse.net/~tomo/pisa/oopsla2000/p_netinant.h tml

35. Crosscutting Crosscutting is how to characterize a concern than spans multiple units of OO modularity Crosscutting concerns resist modularization using normal OO construct back

36. Pointcut Picks out join points Can be defined in classes or in aspects and can be named or be anonymous back

37. Advice It is code that executes at each join point picked out by pointcut His power comes from the advice being able to access value in the execution context of a pointcut back

38. Join points Are well-defined points in the execution of a program Only those points that can be used in a disciplined and principled manner back

39. Framework It is based on decomposition of aspects in system design that consists of components, aspects, and layers. By separating the different aspects of each component, we can separate components, aspects, and layers from each other back

40. AspectJ example An aspect is defined very much like a class and can have methods, fielsd, constructors, initializers, named pointcuts and advice An example is tracing aspect that prints messages before certain display operation The overall effect of this aspect is to print a descriptive message whenever the traced methods are called It is taken from C. of the ACM

41. AspectJ example Aspect SimpleTracing { pointcut traced() : call (void Display.update () ) || call (void Display.repaint (..) ); before() : traced () { println(“Entering:” + thisJoinPoint); } void println (String str) { } } Traced identifies calls to several key methods on Display Before advice on this pointcut uses a helper method of the aspect to print a message Advice uses the thisJoinPoint special variable to an object that describes the current join point back