1. Domestication of Guanyin through Indigenous Iconographies Chinese creation of new iconographies of Guanyin The Water-Moon Guanyin The White-robed Guanyin Song Dynasty, wood sculpture

2. Closer look

3. Water-Moon. Wall Painting, by fifteen court painters, Ming Dynasty

4. Liao Dynasty, Wood Scupture Thousand-armed Thousand-eyed Guanyin

5. Left: By an unknown modern painter Right: by Zhang Daqian in 1973

6. By a modern painter

7. White-robed Guanyin, stone sculpture, Southern Song, 1142-1146, now in Dazu Cave, Sichuan

8. Regional diversity of indigenous icons Great Compassionate Guanyin Great Compassionate Eleven-faced Guanyin Eleven-faced Guanyin, Stone sculpture, probably Tang Dynasty

9. Great Sage Wish-fulfilling Guanyin Guanyin Who Prolongs Life and Saves [One] from Suffering Great Merciful and Compassionate Guanyin Who Saves One from Suffering Guanyin Who Manifests in Response

10. Pure Vase Guanyin Precious Basket Guanyin Precious Sutra Guanyin Precious Fan Guanyin Willow Branch Guanyin Precious Jewel Guanyin Precious Mirror Guanyin Lotus Hand Guanyin Wish-fulfilling Wheel Guanyin Rosary Hand Guanyin

11. Guanyin of “The Universal Gateway Chapter”  Guanyin Who Protects One from Bad Karmic Retribution  Guanyin Who Removes Dangers from Elephants  Guanyin Who Removes Dangers from Water  Guanyin Who Removes Dangers from Fire  Guanyin Who Subdues Ghosts and Evil Spirits  Guanyin Who Removes Dangers from Beasts  Guanyin Who Saves [One] from Suffering by Seeking Out Voices  Mt. Potalaka Guanyin  Guanyin of the Desolate Ocean Coast

12. Further Feminization of Guanyin Scriptural basis of Guanyin’s female identity  In the “Universal Gateway” chapter of the Lotus Sutra, 7 of the 33 manifestations are feminine Nun, lay woman, wife of an elder, householder, official, Brahmin, and girl.  In the Surangama Sutra, 6 of 32 manifestations are feminine Nun, lay woman, queen, princess, noble lady, virgin maiden.

13. Myths and Legends “Euhemerize” Guanyin Give him birthday Establish his sacred abode in Mt. Puto in Eastern Chekiang (Zhejiang) Transform his gender and identity Creating “Princess Miao-shan” stories and icons Fictional accounts in “precious scrolls”, e.g., Precious Scroll of Xiangshan (Hsiang-shan) Fictional accounts in novels

14. Miao-shan Legend Formation: Formation: Lay society created a new image and identity of Guanyin: (5 th c) Lay society created a new image and identity of Guanyin: (5 th c) A woman who saved, healed, …people A woman who saved, healed, …people a filial girl who refused to get married a filial girl who refused to get married Lay society spread Miao-shan story and Guanyin worship Lay society spread Miao-shan story and Guanyin worship

15. Important themes: Important themes: “gift of the body”—body parts as gifts “gift of the body”—body parts as gifts Filial piety expanded to repayment (paying back debts owed to parents) Filial piety expanded to repayment (paying back debts owed to parents) Chanting evokes Guanyin’s salvific response Chanting evokes Guanyin’s salvific response “Great compassion dharani” “Great compassion dharani” “Guanyin meditation mudra” “Guanyin meditation mudra”

17. 1000-armed Kannon (Senju Kannon) 8th century, Fujii-dera (in Osaka)