1. Dictators of Latin America By, Sarah Daily & Sarah Compton

2. What is a Dictator? Refers to an absolutist or autocratic ruler who governs outside the normal constitutional rule of law through a continuous state of exception. Charismatic Authoritarian

3. How does one assume power? MilitaryMilitary – coups –economic crises ElectionsElections –Free –Forced

4. In Latin America Internal ForcesInternal Forces –Revolution CastroCastro –Economic crisis –Military Influences of outside forcesInfluences of outside forces –Governments The US has supported many “friendly dictators”The US has supported many “friendly dictators” –Corporations Oil and other foreign investment firms want to look out for their profitsOil and other foreign investment firms want to look out for their profits –NGOs IMF, World Bank, etc.IMF, World Bank, etc.

5. Friendly Dictators Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez El Salvador (1935-44) Gained power in a coup; suppressed opposition; oversaw massacre of between ten and forty thousand suspected opponents Efrain Rios Montt Guatemala Ruled for 14 months (1982-3); 70,000 civilians killed or disappeared, mostly Mayan. General Augusto Pinochet Chile (1974-1990) Tens of thousands of Chileans were tortured, killed, and exiled under his rule. General Jorge Rafael Videla Argentina (1976-81) Gained power in a coup; never elected; between ten and thirty thousand opponents killed. Hugo Banzer Bolivia Gained power in a coup; suppressed opposition; closed universities; 3,000 opponents arrested, 200 killed. General Manuel Noriega Panama Commander of the National Guard and de facto military leader. Supported and aided by US and/or CIA. And the list goes on…

6. Efraín Ríos Montt - Guatemala

7. Some background on Guatemala 1954, Operation PBSUCCESS: A CIA organized overthrow of President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman due to pressure from the United Fruit Co., which Guzman planed to nationalize. Col. Castillo Armas was installed1954, Operation PBSUCCESS: A CIA organized overthrow of President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman due to pressure from the United Fruit Co., which Guzman planed to nationalize. Col. Castillo Armas was installed In 1962 guerilla groups emerged and major armed conflict began. In 1966 army death squads started to emerge to suppress the guerilla groupsIn 1962 guerilla groups emerged and major armed conflict began. In 1966 army death squads started to emerge to suppress the guerilla groups Between 1966 and 1970 over 10,000 people were killed, many of whom were MayanBetween 1966 and 1970 over 10,000 people were killed, many of whom were Mayan This finally ended after 36 years in 1996 when the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG) signed a peace treaty.This finally ended after 36 years in 1996 when the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG) signed a peace treaty.

8. Efraín Ríos Montt - Guatemala He trained at the School for the AmericasHe trained at the School for the Americas He ran for president in 1974, lost by 70,000 voted, and claimed massive electoral fraud by Catholic priests who questioned treatment of MayansHe ran for president in 1974, lost by 70,000 voted, and claimed massive electoral fraud by Catholic priests who questioned treatment of Mayans Converted to Christianity and became a protestant priest in California in 1978Converted to Christianity and became a protestant priest in California in 1978 Came to power in 1982 by a military coup as part of 3- member “junta” just after President Guevera was elected. He promised to "end corruption, guarantee respect for human rights and revitalize our institutions"Came to power in 1982 by a military coup as part of 3- member “junta” just after President Guevera was elected. He promised to "end corruption, guarantee respect for human rights and revitalize our institutions" Guerrillas denounced Montt’s leadershipGuerrillas denounced Montt’s leadership

9. Efraín Ríos Montt - Guatemala Launched campaign frijoles y fusiles (beans and guns) against the guerrillasLaunched campaign frijoles y fusiles (beans and guns) against the guerrillas –April: the “scorched earth” campaign that devastated over 600 Mayan villages In June dissolved “junta” and assumed complete control as dictatorIn June dissolved “junta” and assumed complete control as dictator On August 8 th, Montt was ousted from the presidency by another military coupOn August 8 th, Montt was ousted from the presidency by another military coup Is still involved in politics through the Frente Republicano Guatemalteco (Guatemalan Republican Front) and ran (and lost) for president in 2003Is still involved in politics through the Frente Republicano Guatemalteco (Guatemalan Republican Front) and ran (and lost) for president in 2003

10. Genocide A 1982 Amnesty International report estimated that over 10,000 indigenous (mostly Mayan) Guatemalans and peasant farmers were killed during the March to July period, and that 100,000 were made homeless

11. General Augusto Pinochet

12. Chile, 1973 Pinochet was the Army Commander in Chief of the Chilean ArmyPinochet was the Army Commander in Chief of the Chilean Army Stormed the presidential palace, then president, Salvador Allende- a Marxist and first socialist president in Chilean history- kills himself with a machine gun from Fidel CastroStormed the presidential palace, then president, Salvador Allende- a Marxist and first socialist president in Chilean history- kills himself with a machine gun from Fidel Castro The US supported the removal of Allende because of his “red” policiesThe US supported the removal of Allende because of his “red” policies September 11, 1973 coup d'état ousts Allende A junta is established with four military branches involved Sept. 13, the junta dissolves congress Pinochet declares himself president Shortly thereafter, Pinochet begins implementing neo- liberal strategies recommended by the US

13. Chile under Pinochet good things? Abolished the minimum wage Rescinded trade union rights Privatized the pension system, state industries and banks, and lowered taxes on high incomes and profits. Instituted curfew Between 1960 and 1980 there was a 35% increase in GDP Because of these policies, supporters have dubbed them “The Miracle of Chile”

14. Oppression under Pinochet As a military general, Pinochet wanted to destroy the oppositionAs a military general, Pinochet wanted to destroy the opposition He banned any opposing parties- especially leftist onesHe banned any opposing parties- especially leftist ones The Caravan of Death was an Army squad that roamed Chile in October, 1973, murdering the regime's opponents. Members of the socialist party were targeted At least 70 people were killed.The Caravan of Death was an Army squad that roamed Chile in October, 1973, murdering the regime's opponents. Members of the socialist party were targeted At least 70 people were killed. The Rettig Report estimates 3,000 were killed or disappeared during the dictatorship 35,000 people have claimed to have been abused or tortured by the regime

15. Pinochet after 1990 The country resumed a somewhat functional democracyThe country resumed a somewhat functional democracy He remained as Commander-in-Chief of the Army, until March 1998, After which he became a senator-for-lifeHe remained as Commander-in-Chief of the Army, until March 1998, After which he became a senator-for-life Pinochet was arrested in London on a warrant issued by SpainPinochet was arrested in London on a warrant issued by Spain –94 counts of torture on Spanish citizens Difficulties being triedDifficulties being tried – Parliamentary immunity in England –Ill health led to one acquittal –Indicted on charged of crimes against human rights

16. Legacy “The fact that Augusto Pinochet was arrested while traveling abroad has sent a powerful message: no one is above international law, even when national laws protect you from prosecution”“The fact that Augusto Pinochet was arrested while traveling abroad has sent a powerful message: no one is above international law, even when national laws protect you from prosecution” –Amnesty International

17. Trujillo – Dominican Republic 1930-1961

18. Trujillo – Dominican Republic Trujillo joined the National Guard during the US occupation (1916-1924)Trujillo joined the National Guard during the US occupation (1916-1924) He rose in rank very quickly and overthrew president Horacio Vasquez in 1930He rose in rank very quickly and overthrew president Horacio Vasquez in 1930 He pursued blanquismo (racial whitening) and welcomed European immigrants, while ordering a masacre of 20,000 Haitian sugarcane workers in 1937 (though he was not of “pure blood” himself).He pursued blanquismo (racial whitening) and welcomed European immigrants, while ordering a masacre of 20,000 Haitian sugarcane workers in 1937 (though he was not of “pure blood” himself). Under his rule the DR had a larger middle class and developed healthcare and a school systemUnder his rule the DR had a larger middle class and developed healthcare and a school system

19. Trujillo – Dominican Republic Trujillo was known as “El Jefe” and named the capital city, Santo Domingo, Ciudad TrujilloTrujillo was known as “El Jefe” and named the capital city, Santo Domingo, Ciudad Trujillo Houses were required to have pictures or plaques pledging allegiance to their leader and his partyHouses were required to have pictures or plaques pledging allegiance to their leader and his party He instituted a curfewHe instituted a curfew He used secret police to capture and torture those opposed to himHe used secret police to capture and torture those opposed to him

20. Las Mariposas Perhaps most famous of all in 1960, he ordered the murder of the Mirabal sisters, Las Mariposas, who were trying to get Trujillo out of power

21. The end of Trujillo Trujillo was finally decided to be “too big for his britches” in 1960 when he was trying to organize a plot to assassinate the president of VenezuelaTrujillo was finally decided to be “too big for his britches” in 1960 when he was trying to organize a plot to assassinate the president of Venezuela The Organization of American States decided they needed to remove TrujilloThe Organization of American States decided they needed to remove Trujillo Trujillo was shot in 1961 by his own armed forcesTrujillo was shot in 1961 by his own armed forces

22. Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rios_Montt#U.S. _backinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rios_Montt#U.S. _backinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rios_Montt#U.S. _backinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rios_Montt#U.S. _backing http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/montt.h tmlhttp://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/montt.h tmlhttp://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/montt.h tmlhttp://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/montt.h tml http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Leonidas_ Trujillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Leonidas_ Trujillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Leonidas_ Trujillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Leonidas_ Trujillo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinoche thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinoche thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinoche thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinoche t http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/pinochethttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/pinochethttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/pinochet