2. I ntroduction  B ackground  O bjectives/ P urpose M ethod  S ubjects  E quipment  S pecial C onsiderations  E xperimental P rocedure  L ab W ork A nalysis C onclusion

3. The time course of lane change: Driver control and eye-movement behavior.*  Duration of a single lane change averaged 5.14 ± 0.86s.  “…drivers direct more their gaze to the mirror and less to the start lane.” Control and monitoring during lane changes.**  “Gazes at the mirror [have] average duration of approximately 350ms.” * Salvucci, D. D., Liu, A. (2002). The Time Course of a Lane Change: Driver Control and Eye Movement Behavior. Transportation Research, Part F, 5(2): 123-132. **Salvucci, D. D., Liu, A., Boer, E. R. Control and Monitoring During Lane Changes. (Source: http://www.mit.edu/~amliu/Papers/VIV9-SalLiuBoer.pdf)

4. Previous work addresses lane change behavior. This study looks at eye movements of drivers as they merge into incoming highway traffic.

5. Figure 1 – Merging vs. Single lane change

6. TADDA- Traffic and Driver Data Analysis  This software developed at URI It wirelessly integrates the sensors such as Automobile On Board Computers, accelerometers and GPSs. When a test drive is completed the software allows easy export of all the data with synchronization for post drive analysis.

7. I dentify most common eye movements during the merging maneuver in rural arterial road. D etermine the average number of total glances during such maneuver. D etermine gazes’ average duration for the most commons glances.

8. 19 test drives performed O nly:  14 could be used for determined the average glances  and 9 to calculated the eye fixations average duration R easons: Bad eye data because excessive blinking Faulty in calibration or synchronization

9. W eather C onditions E ye makeup and glass can not be wear during the experiment.

10. E ye Scan Device (with 2 cameras) D igital Video Recorder (DVR) GPS reciever L aptop computer C amcorder Figure 2 – Eye Scan Device Figure 3 – Experiment’s equipment

11. The subject must look at the test pattern for image calibration. Adjust the eye tracker’s cameras to assure that the images are seen well. Run TADDA software and pair the GPS receiver with the laptop. The subject is ask to close their eyes for 10 seconds for synchonization purpose. Figure 5 – Procedure steps

13. Figure 6 – Localization of experiment’s area [Source: Google Earth]

14. ISCAN Raw Eye Movement Data Acquisition Software Process the test drives’ videos. Driver Analysis Software Select the desired data set. MS Excel Data Analysis Eye Tracker Eye Camera Eye Tracker Eye Camera Eye Tracker View Camera Eye Tracker View Camera Digital Video Recorder ISCAN Raw Eye Movement Data Acquisition Software ISCAN Raw Eye Movement Data Acquisition Software Video with the overlaid cursor Figure 7 – ISCAN Raw Eye Movement Data Acquisition Software’s print screen

15. Driver Analysis Software Select the desired data set. Figure 8 – Point of interest ‘s print screen

16. MS Excel Data Analysis Graph 1 – Eye Fixations

17. Graph 2 – Vehicle Path

19. Graph 3 – Subjects by glances' type

20. Graph 4 – Glances by subjects

21. Glance to:Left Side Mirror Back Rear Mirror Right Side Mirror Glances in the maneuver Max2752112 Min000003 Average0.503.21 ≈ 31.29 ≈10.920.085.93 ≈6 Male0.702.901.501.000.106.20 Female0.003.670.330.670.004.67 Mode0.002.001.00 0.007.00 Variance0.736.031.910.590.075.61 Standard Deviation0.852.46 ≈ 21.38 ≈ 10.770.272.37 ≈ 2 Table 1 – Glances Results

22. Mean Duration MaxMinVariance Standard Deviation seconds (s) Left Side 0.5530.8330.1000.0940.307 Back 0.8421.2000.3000.0900.300 Left Side Mirror 0.5081.6330.067 0.307 mili seconds (ms) Left Side 553.3833.3100.094.2307.0 Back 841.71200.0300.089.8299.6 Left Side Mirror 507.71633.366.7 306.7 Single Lane Change: “Gazes at the mirror [have] average duration of approximately 350 ms.” * Table 2 – Summery of gaze’s duration Table 5 – Gaze’s mean duration by type

23. Glance Mean Duration Left Side Mirror Left Mirror Rear Mirror merge with incoming cars (seconds)0.3670.4530.653 (ms)366.7453.3653.3 merge without incoming cars (seconds)0.1000.6890.733 (ms)100.0688.9733.3 Merge with incoming cars Merge without incoming cars Both Glance Mean Duration (ms) Left Side Mirror 366.7100.0553.3 Table 3 – Gaze mean duration when the merging maneuver was preformed with or without incoming cars Table 4 – Comparison of left side mirror gaze mean duration. Graph 6 – Comparison of left side mirror gaze mean duration.

24. Most common eye movements during the merging maneuver (ramp to US-1).  Side mirror glance  Back glance The average number of total glances during such maneuver is approximated 6. G azes’ average duration:  553 ms for side mirror glance  842 ms for back glance  But it varies depending on the incoming traffic.