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Post-colonial Literature for Children – EDU32PLC Week 6 Lecture 11 Monocultures and Multicultures © La Trobe University, David Beagley, 2005.

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Presentation on theme: "Post-colonial Literature for Children – EDU32PLC Week 6 Lecture 11 Monocultures and Multicultures © La Trobe University, David Beagley, 2005."— Presentation transcript:

1 Post-colonial Literature for Children – EDU32PLC Week 6 Lecture 11 Monocultures and Multicultures © La Trobe University, David Beagley, 2005

2 References Use the Library catalogue, databases and other searching tools to examine the history of immigration to Australia, and the evolution of social attitudes to “outsiders”. Bunbury, R. (1997) Old neighbours, new visions - at a melting point? Kroll, J. (1997) The new Fringe Dwellers: the problem of ethnicity in recent Australian children’s picture books. Both in Old neighbours, new visions: selected papers from the 1st conference of the Australian Children’s Literature Association for Research, ed. Maureen Nimon. Adelaide: University of South Australia

3 Cultural markers How is one culture distinguished from another? Language Religious beliefs - morality and expressions of right and wrong Social groups - family, kinship, castes/classes. Responsibilities to each other History - how it has been shaped, and treated in relation to other cultures Outward expressions of identity - e.g. appearance, symbols, gestures, food, behaviour

4 Multiculturalism Relating to several cultural groups Co-existing Inclusive - allows the equivalence of those several Respect for, and acceptance of, differences Breaks the binary pattern of superior/inferior - invader/indigenous - imperial/provincial Difficulties: how are contradictions resolved?

5 Assimilation The culture of one group is seen as the norm in a society Other groups are allowed freedom for personal expression of their culture …but … Are expected to adapt their cultural markers to the pattern allowed by that norm, if there is a contradiction Difficulties: how are contradictions resolved?

6 Apartheid Separate development of cultures in a society - Apart + hood Developed and formalised in South Africa 1948-91 Expressed by separation - transport and social facilities, schooling, ownership and economics In theory, to allow cultural integrity to be maintained and developed In practice, the suppression of “other” groups to the advantage of a dominant

7 Evolution of Australia’s multiculturalism 1788 - Settlement / Invasion - depending which side you were on. Anglo-Celtic soldiers and convicts 1820s-40s - Free settlers - Anglo-Celtic 1850s - Gold Rush - immense & rapid migration European, US, and Chinese 1860s - continuing European, restrictions on Chinese 1890s - White Australia - Blackbirding - the Bush ethos - Federation and independence

8 Evolution of Australia’s multiculturalism 1900s - White Australia strictly enforced, British Empire identity dominant 1910s - First World War - anti-German hysteria 1920s - resumption of European migration, especially Italian for farming/orchards 1930s - Depression, European Jewry fleeing Hitler 1940s - WW2 - post-war migration boom from war- torn Europe, £10 Poms, Dutch, Italian Arthur Caldwell - “2 Wongs don’t make a white” 1950s - Factory fodder, Snowy scheme

9 Evolution of Australia’s multiculturalism 1960s - Swing to Eastern Europe - Poland, Yugoslavia, Hungary etc., trickle of non-Europeans. 1967 - referendum to give Aborigines citizenship. 1970s - Vietnam War - boat people and refugees. Major shift from the European to Asian and African 1980s - Multiculturalism emerges as social concept, especially around Bicentennial. Advertising campaigns and festivals 1990s - 2000s - Queue jumpers, detention centres, “we will decide who comes here”

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