1. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Crime Picture CHAPTER 2

2. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Sources of Data Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Offender Self-Reports

3. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Uniform Crime Reports

4. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Uniform Crime Reports The reports began in 1930. Data is collected by F.B.I. Approximately 16,000 police agencies provide data. Only crimes known to the police are included. Law enforcement agencies submit reports voluntarily. The UCR contains the Crime Index.

5. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 UCR: Crime Index The Index is made up of Part I offenses. violent crime property crime

6. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 UCR: Violent Crimes murder forcible rape robbery aggravated assault

7. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 UCR: Property Crimes burglary larceny-theft motor vehicle theft arson

8. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 UCR: Crime Index Crime Index = crimes. 100,000 population

9. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Rate of Crime in the United States (1960-2000)

10. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 UCR: Part I Crimes - 2001 Rate per 100,000Number murder 5.6 15,980 forcible rape 31.8 90,491 robbery 148.5 422,921 aggravated assault 318.5 907,219

11. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 UCR: Part I Crimes - 2001 Rate per 100,000 Number burglary 740.8 2,109,767 larceny-theft2484.6 7,076,171 motor vehicle theft 430.6 1,226,457 arson 35.5 76,760

12. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The FBI Crime Clock

13. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 UCR: Clearance Rate: … a measure that compares the number of crimes reported or discovered to the number of crimes solved through arrest or other means (i.e. death of suspect, finding out report of crime was falsified, etc.).

14. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Major Crimes

15. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Murder: …the unlawful killing of a human being. A generic term which, in common usage, may include first- and second- degree murder, as well as manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, and other similar kinds of offenses.

16. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Murder: Excludes: deaths caused by negligence suicide accident justifiable homicides

17. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Murder July & August - highest number of reports most common in southern states persons age 20-24 most likely victims most perpetrators also 20-24 years-old

18. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Murder highest clearance rate of Part I offenses(typically over 60%) firearms most frequent weapon of choice (63%) knives second most frequent (13%)

19. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Murder only 13% committed by strangers most murders are committed by “acquaintances” 27% are the result of an “argument”

20. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Serial Murder: …the killing of two or more people, on more than one occasion, over an extended period of time.

21. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Mass Murder: …the killing of three or more people, in a single event, by an offender who typically does not seek concealment of the crime.

22. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Forcible Rape: …the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. Includes: assault or attempt to commit rape by force or threat of force Excludes: assault if victim is male statutory rape (without force) other sex offenses

23. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Rate of Reported Rape

24. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Forcible Rape Reasons for NOT reporting rapes: The lack of belief in ability of police to apprehend the suspect. The concern that the victim would receive unsympathetic treatment from police. The desire to avoid the embarrassment of publicity. One of the most underreported violent crimes.

25. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Forcible Rape Reasons for NOT reporting rapes: The fear of reprisal by the rapist. The fear of additional “victimization” by court proceedings. The desire to keep family/friends from knowing. One of the most underreported violent crimes.

26. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Forcible Rape Most rapes are committed by acquaintances of victim. Most rapists appear to be motivated by the need to feel powerful. July and August are months with highest number of reported rapes. December, January, and February are months with lowest number of reported rapes.

27. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Date Rape: …is unlawful forced sexual intercourse with a female against her will that occurs within the context of a dating relationship.

28. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Marital Rape: …is forcible sex between people who are legally married to each other.

29. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Same-Sex Rape: …is often called sexual battery, and is not counted as forcible rape by the UCR program.

30. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Rape Shield Laws Most states have laws which protect women from being questioned about their sexual history, unless it is judged to have a direct bearing on the case.

31. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Robbery: …the unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.

32. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Robbery: Excludes: threat to expose a victim – for instance as a homosexual or embezzler force applied after the taking, as it does not constitute robbery purse snatching

33. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Robbery Most of those arrested are: male (90%) under age 25 (62%) minorities (56%) Robbery Rates in 2000 (per 100,000): large cities – 426.7 rural areas – 16.7

34. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Aggravated Assault: …unlawful inflicting of serious injury upon the person of another. Includes: Attempted assaults, especially when a deadly weapon is used The possible use of a gun, knife, or other weapon that could result in serious injury

35. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Aggravated Assault 56% clearance rate (lower than murder) summer months highest number reported Feb, Nov, and Dec lowest number reported 36% blunt object 28% hands and feet 28% guns 28% knives

36. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Aggravated Assault Clearance is relatively low because of the uncooperativeness of the victim. The victim knows assailant. The assailant is either the husband or the boyfriend. The victim considers offense a “personal” matter. The victim believes he “got what he deserved.” The victim fears revenge if charges are pursued.

37. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Burglary: …unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. Types of burglaries: breaking & entering unlawful entry without force attempted forcible entry

38. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Burglary: 30.2% of all burglaries are unlawful entries. 63.3% are forcible entries. 6.5% are attempted forcible entries. 2 million burglaries reported in 2001. Daytime burglaries are the most common. The clearance rate in 2001 was only 12.7%.

39. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Larceny - theft: …unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession of another. Motor vehicles are excluded.

40. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Larceny - theft: Includes (in declining order of frequency) : theft from motor vehicles shoplifting theft from buildings theft of motor vehicle parts and accessories bicycle thefts theft from coin operated machines purse snatching pocket picking

41. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Larceny - theft is the most frequently reported crime. total value of property stolen is around $5.2 billion.

42. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Identity Theft: … a crime in which an imposter obtains key pieces of information, such as Social Security and driver’s license numbers, to obtain credit, merchandise, and services in the name of the victim.

43. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Motor Vehicle Theft: …the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. A “motor vehicle” is a self- propelled vehicle that runs on land and not on rails.

44. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Motor Vehicle Theft: Includes: automobiles motorcycles motor scooters trucks buses snowmobiles

45. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Motor Vehicle Theft: Excludes: trains airplanes bulldozers most farm equipment ships boats spacecraft

46. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Motor Vehicle Theft Types: short-term transportation long-term transportation commission of another crime profit  highly organized professionals  amateur auto strippers who steal for parts

47. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Motor Vehicle Theft Legally, carjacking is a type of robbery, not a motor vehicle theft. It accounts for just over 1% of all car thefts. Victims and perpetrators tend to be young African-American males. About one-half of carjackings committed by gangs or groups. About 24% of victims sustain injuries. Carjacking...the taking of a motor vehicle directly from the owner by force

48. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Motor Vehicle Theft Car models that have been in production for a few years, without many design changes, stand the greatest risk of theft. These models are the ones most often taken because their parts are most valued in the secondary market.

49. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Arson: …the burning or attempted burning of property, with or without the intent to defraud.

50. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Arson: … can include a dwelling, house, public building, motor vehicle, aircraft, or personal property of another.

51. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Arson was added to Part I Index offenses in 1979. juveniles are arrested for a greater share of this crime than any other.

52. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Arson arson for profit – involves a professional arsonist who sets fires for a fee.

53. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Arson arson fraud – involves an owner burning his or her business property to escape financial problems or for insurance.

54. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Crimes Cleared by Arrest, 2001

55. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Reporting Crimes

56. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 NIBRS: National Incident Based Reporting System Incident driven, rather than summary based: includes place of occurrence type of weapon (if any) used type and value of property damaged or stolen personal characteristics of offender and victim

57. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 NIBRS: National Incident Based Reporting System includes nature of the disposition of the complaint replaces the old Part I and Part II offenses with 22 general offenses

58. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 NIBRS: 22 offenses include: arson assault bribery burglary counterfeiting vandalism narcotics offenses embezzlement extortion fraud weapons violations

59. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 NIBRS: 22 offenses include: gambling homicide kidnapping larceny motor vehicle theft pornography prostitution robbery forcible sex offenses non-forcible sex offenses receiving stolen property

60. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 NIBRS: Also collects data on: bad checks vagrancy disorderly conduct driving under the influence drunkenness non-violent family offenses liquor law violations “peeping Tom” activities runaways trespassing general category of all “other” criminal law violations

61. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 NCVS National Crime Victimization Survey began operation in 1972 based on victim self-reports designed to measure the “dark figure” of crime uses data collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics more than 50,000 households are surveyed twice per year

62. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Dark Figure of Crime all crime crimes known to the police

63. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 NCVS Includes data on: robbery assault burglary personal and household larceny motor vehicle theft rape

64. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 NCVS 25% of all households are touched by crime. About 1/2 of all violent crime is reported. City residents are twice as likely as rural residents to be a victim of crime. 2/5 of all household crimes are reported to the police. 1/4 of all personal theft reported to police.

65. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 NCVS Men are more likely to be victims of crime than women. Younger people are more likely to be victims of crime than older people. African-Americans are more likely than whites to be victims of crime. Young males have the highest rates of violent victimization.

66. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 NCVS Household crime rates are highest for households: headed by younger people headed by African-Americans with six or more members headed by renters located in central cities

67. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 NCVS Problems: There is potential for false or exaggerated reports. False reports may be generated by overzealous interviewers. Respondents may suffer from faulty memories. Respondents may misinterpret events.

68. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Special Categories of Crime

69. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Special Categories of Crime crime against women crime against the elderly hate crime corporate and white-collar crime organized crime gun crime drug crime high-technology and computer crime terrorism

70. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Women and Crime 52% of women surveyed say they have been physically assaulted as a child or as an adult. Approximately 1.9 million women are physically assaulted in the United States each year. 25% of women, compared to 8% of men surveyed, said they had experienced partner violence in their lifetime. National Violence Against Women Survey (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000)

71. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Women and Crime 18% of women have experienced a completed or attempted rape at sometime in their life. Women are significantly more likely to be injured during an assault. Violence against women is primarily partner violence. National Violence Against Women Survey (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000)

72. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Women and Crime Women living in central cities are considerably more likely to be victimized than women residing in suburbs. Suburban women are more likely to be victimized than women in rural areas.

73. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Women and Crime Separated or divorced women are likely to be victims of violent crime: 6x more than widows 4.5x more than married women 3x more than widowers and married men

74. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Women and Crime Low-income women experience highest amount of violent crime. Victimization of women falls as family income rises. African-American women are victims of violent crime more frequently than women of other races. Hispanic women are victimized more frequently than white women.

75. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Women and Crime Women 20-24 years-old are most at risk for violent victimization. Women 16-19 years-old are second most likely to be victimized.

76. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Elderly Crime Victims Elderly victims are more likely to: be victims of property crime. face offenders who are armed with guns. be victimized by strangers. be victimized in or near their homes during daylight hours. report their victimization to the police. be physically injured. fail to try to protect themselves during victimization.

77. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Hate Crimes: …criminal offenses in which the defendant’s conduct was motivated by hatred, bias, or prejudice, based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals.

78. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Hate Crimes: 2001 Police reported 9,726 hate crime incidents. The reports included 19 murders. 19% of all incidents were motivated by religious bias. 45% caused by racial bias. 22% because of national origin. 14% based on sexual orientation.

79. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 White Supremacist Groups in the United States Source: Klanwatch Project

80. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Corporate Crime : …a violation of a criminal statute by a corporate entity or by its executives, employees, or agents acting on behalf of and for the benefit of the corporation, partnership, or other form of business entity.

81. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Corporate Crime Companies accused of recent wrongdoing: energy broker Enron Corporation telecommunications giant WorldCom, Inc. cable services provider Adelphia Communications Corporation French media conglomerate Vivendi Universal drug maker Johnson & Johnson national discount retailer Kmart

82. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Corporate Crime Companies accused of recent wrongdoing: fiber optics giant Global Crossing multinational conglomerate Tyco Intl, Ltd. accounting firm Arthur Andersen, LLP herbal distributor Metabolife auction house Sotheby’s

83. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 White-Collar Crime: …nonviolent crime for financial gain committed by means of deception by people whose occupational status is entrepreneurial, professional, or semiprofessional and which utilizes their special occupational skills and opportunities.

84. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 created tough provisions to deter and punish corporate and accounting fraud and corruption and to protect the interests of workers and shareholders.

85. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 the law: improves the quality and transparency of financial reporting, independent audits, and accounting services for public companies creates a federal Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to enforce professional standards, ethics, and competence for the accounting profession

86. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 the law: requires enhanced independence for firms that audit public companies increases corporate responsibility and the usefulness of corporate financial disclosure increases penalties for corporate wrongdoing

87. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 the law: enhances protections supporting the objectivity and independence of securities analysts provides additional funding for the investigative activities of the federal Securities and Exchange Commission

88. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Guns, Crime, and Gun Control In a typical year, there are 10,000 murders in the United States using guns (handguns).

89. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Guns, Crime, and Gun Control 2/3 of American people believe that increasing restrictions on guns will prevent crime. Pew Research Center Poll (1999)

90. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Guns, Crime, and Gun Control The Bureau of Justice Statistics reported in 2001 that 18% of state prison inmates were armed at the time of crime commission.

91. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Guns, Crime, and Gun Control Emerging Trends gun control legislation domestic violence offender gun ban lawsuits against gun manufacturers

92. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drug Arrests

93. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 High-Tech & Computer Crime: computer crime or cybercrime: …any crime perpetrated through the use of computer technology. Also called information technology crime.

94. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 High-Tech & Computer Crime categories of computer crime: theft of services communications in criminal conspiracies information piracy and forgery the dissemination of offensive materials electronic money laundering and tax evasion electronic vandalism and terrorism telemarketing fraud illegal interception of telecommunications electronic funds-transfer fraud

95. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 High-Tech & Computer Crime Internet fraud complaint categories: Source: National White Collar Crime Center, Internet Fraud Complaint Center.

96. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Terrorism: …a violent act or an act dangerous to human life committed in violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any state to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation Counterterrorism Section, Terrorism in the United States, 1987 (Washington, D.C.: FBI, December 1987).

97. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 International Terrorism: …the unlawful use of force or violence by a group or an individual who has some connection to a foreign power or whose activities transcend national boundaries, committed against people or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI Policy and Guidelines: Counterterrorism. Web posted at http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/jackson/cntrterr.htm.

98. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Cyberterrorism: …a form of terrorism that makes use of high technology, especially computers and the Internet, in the planning and carrying out of terrorist attacks.