1. Technological change and institutional implications Dag Standal SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture

2. The ”Norwegian model”
: Rejected the introduction of a ITQ model
: IVQ model
- :Strong emphasis on:
diverse ownership of quotas and vessels (rural policy)
maintain a diverse fleet structure via the allocation policy (”the trawl ladder”)
IVQ model: integrates vessels and quotas in one system (market)
Input regulations (technology) and output (biology) are integrated.
Main challenge in terms of capacity: balancing input and output regulations
Cut down unprofitable overcapacity !

3. Table 1 Number of vessels above 28 meters and % change, 1988 and 2003.
Length group(m) % , , ,
Total :
Reduction in number of vessels
Structural changes

4. Table 2 Technical parameters for arctic trawlers built in 1988 – 2002 (cod/shrimp trawler).
Building year :
Lenght (m):
Breadth (m):
Prod. cap (tons):
GRT:
HP:
Number of trawls
Catch (tons)
Trawl doors (tons):
Crew (number.):
Electronics: echo sounder echo sounder
Catch sensor catch sensor
trawl sensor
GPS

5. Table 3 Development in size for different gears, 1988 - 2003 .
Gear- Gear Gear
dimension dimension factor (R)
Gear
Shrimptrawl :
Cod trawl:
Blue whiting trawl:
Purse seine:    
Long line:  
Source: Norwegian gear producers and fishermen, 2004.

6. Tabell 4 Formula, estimating technical development

7. Tabell 5 Technical capacity development entire fleet above 28 meters, 1988 og 2003.
Number vessels
Capacity factor (K)
Group capacity
Capacity change
Rel.
change
Length group
1988
2003
change%
Net ch.
Change. %
Loa = ,9m
232 93
-60 %
0.93
1.86
215
173
-43
-20 %
-6 %
Loa = ,9m
125
107
-14 %
1,96
3,04
245
325 80
33 %
10 %
Loa = ,9m 74
0 %
3,80
5,11
281
378 97
34 %
12 %
Loa ≥ 60 m 43 88
105 %
5.43
9.82
233
864
631
270 %
84 %
Sum Ocean fleet
474
362
-24 %
1034
1865
832
82 %
100 %

8. Capacity calculations for the Norwegian Ocean going Fleet, 1988 and 2003

9. Institutional boundaries and technological adaptations, Norway.
Unregulated species in Norwegian fisheries, 2004 (tons):
Blue whiting : Total Nowegian catch: tons.
Shrimp :
Tusk/ling :
Horse mackerel:
Other :
Total (unreg.) : = % of total ctach.
Source, Fisheries Directorate, 2006.
”Technology does not follow the institutional boundaries”
Combination of closed and restricted open access fisheries
Capacity expanding adaptations !

10. Table 6 Norwegian catches blue whiting, 1988 and 2003.

11. Tabell 7 Norwegian catches shrimp, 1988 and 2003.

12. Capacity feedback systems
Stock
(border)
TAC
Cod, herring, mackerel, etc.
Allocation policy (output)
Institutional boundaries
Structure policy (markets)
Institutional boundaries
Restricted open access / combined fisheries
Restricted open access / combined fisheries
Capacity (input)
Capacity feedback
Capacity feedback

13. The Unit Quota System, 1984-2006. Year : No. of quotas Duration No. of
pr. vessel (years) quota-markets : :
: 3 eternal 1
: /25 1

14. Developent, number of vessels and average quotafactors, cod trawlers, 1991-2006.

15. Distribution of quota factors, cod trawlers, 2006.

16. Future challenges- technological development?
”Stagnated technology” (path dependency and a predictable pattern)
No paradigmatic innovations sice the 70’s (excpept for electronics, GPS etc.).
Heavy fuel consumption, strong increase in fuel costs
Deep sea fleet towards a critical mass in regard to innovations?
No. Of vessels,
Cod / shrimp trawlers : 50 decline
Herring/mackerel/blu whiting : 47 decline
Long lining : 25 decline
Loosing out of the national innovation system?
The deep sea fleet as future market for todays manufacturers of equipment ?
Further pressure on todays structural policy or a change towards ITQ.