1. Von Neumann & the Bomb Strategy is not concerned with the efficient application of force but with the exploitation of potential force (T. Schelling, 1960, p. 5).

2. UNIT I:Overview & History Introduction: What is Game Theory? Von Neumann and the Bomb The Science of International Strategy Logic of Indeterminate Situations 2/6

3. Von Neumann & the Bomb A Brief History of Game Theory Dr.Strangelove Military Decision & Game Theory The Science of International Strategy The Prisoner’s Dilemma Securing Insecure Agreements Postwar Economic Regimes

4. A Brief History of Game Theory Minimax Theorem 1928 Theory of Games & Economic Behavior 1944 Nash Equilibrium 1950 Prisoner’s Dilemma 1950 The Evolution of Cooperation 1984 Nobel Prize: Harsanyi, Selten & Nash 1994

5. Dr. Strangelove John von Neumann (1907-53). Hilbert program Quantum mechanics Theory of Games & Economic Behavior ENIAC The Doomsday Machine

6. The Doctrine of Military Decision Step 1: The Mission Step 2: Situation and Courses of Action Step 3: Analysis of Opposing Courses of Action Step 4: Comparison of Available Courses of Action Step 5: The Decision Source: O.G. Hayward, Jr., Military Decisions and Game Theory (1954).

7. Military Decision & Game Theory A military commander may approach decision with either of two philosophies. He may select his course of action on the basis of his estimate of what his enemy is able to do to oppose him. Or, he may make his selection on the basis of his estimate of what his enemy is going to do. The former is a doctrine of decision based on enemy capabilities; the latter on enemy intentions. (O. G. Hayward, Jr. 1954: 365)

8. Military Decision & Game Theory Source: O. G. Hayward, Jr. 1954 Southern Route BISMARCK SEA Northern Route Rain Clear Weather New Guinea New Britain Northern Route Southern Route Northern Southern Route 2 days 1 day 3 days Japan US Battle of the Bismarck Sea, 1943

9. Military Decision & Game Theory Source: O. G. Hayward, Jr. 1954 Southern Route BISMARCK SEA Northern Route Rain Clear Weather New Guinea New Britain Northern Route Southern Route Northern Southern Route 2 days 2 days 2 1 day 3 days 1 Japan US Battle of the Bismarck Sea, 1943 US min 2 1 Jmax 2 3

10. Military Decision & Game Theory Game theory lent itself to the analysis of military strategy, casting well accepted principles of decision making at a rigorous, abstract level of analysis. In situation of pure conflict, the “doctrine of decision based on enemy capabilities” and game theory point to the value of prudence: maximize the minimum payoff available.

11. Schelling’s Theory of Strategy Conflict can be seen as a pathological (irrational) state and “cured;” or it can be taken for granted and studied – as a game to be won (1960: 3). Winning doesn’t mean beating one’s opponent; it means getting the most out of the situation. Strategy is not concerned with the efficient application of force but with the exploitation of potential force (5).

12. Schelling’s Theory of Strategy [I]n taking conflict for granted, and working with an image of participants who try to ‘win,’ a theory of strategy does not deny that there are common as well as conflicting interests among the participants (Schelling 1960: 4). ZEROSUM NONZEROSUM PURE MIXED PURE CONFLICT MOTIVE COORDINATION

13. Schelling’s Theory of Strategy Pure Coordination Pure Conflict 1, 1 0, 0 0, 0 0, 01, 1 0, 0 0, 00,0 1, 1 - 1, 1 1, -1 1, -1 -1, 1

14. Schelling’s Theory of Strategy And here it becomes emphatically clear that the intellectual processes of choosing a strategy in pure conflict and choosing a strategy of coordination are of wholly different sorts.... [I]n the minimax strategy of a zero-sum game... one’s whole objective is to avoid any meeting of minds, even an inadvertent one. In the pure-coordination game, the player’s objective is to make contact with the other player through some imaginative process of introspection, of searching for shared clues (96-98). ·

15. Next Time 2/13The Logic of Indeterminate Situations. Schelling, Strategy and Conflict: 53-80.