1. Photoproduction and Gluonic Excitations Meson 2002

2. Photoproduction and Gluonic Excitations QNP

3. Photoproduction and Gluonic Excitations CAP

4. References Design Report can be downloaded from the Hall D website. Nov 2000 Sept/Oct 2000 Feb 2001 Sept 2000 JLab whitepaper can also be linked to from the Hall D website. Cover story article on exotics and Hall D. Article on exotics and Hall D. Both can also be downloaded from the Hall D website.

5. Flux Tubes and Confinement Color Field: Because of self interaction, confining flux tubes form between static color charges Notion of flux tubes comes about from model-independent general considerations. Idea originated with Nambu in the ‘70s mesons

6. Flux Tubes and Confinement Color Field: Because of self interaction, confining flux tubes form between static color charges Notion of flux tubes comes about from model-independent general considerations. Idea originated with Nambu in the ‘70s mesons

7. Lattice QCD Flux tubes realized linear potential 0.40.81.2 1.6 1.0 2.0 0.0 r/fm V o ( r) [GeV] From G. Bali

8. Hybrid Mesons Confinement arises from flux tubes and their excitation leads to a new spectrum of mesons 1 GeV mass difference (  /r) Hybrid mesons Normal mesons

9. Normal Mesons Normal mesons occur when the flux tube is in its ground state Spin/angular momentum configurations & radial excitations generate our known spectrum of light quark mesons Nonets characterized by given J PC Not allowed: exotic combinations: J PC = 0 -- 0 +- 1 -+ 2 +- …

10. Excited Flux Tubes How do we look for gluonic degrees of freedom in spectroscopy? First excited state of flux tube has J=1 and when combined with S=1 for quarks generates: J PC = 0 -+ 0 +- 1 +- 1 -+ 2 -+ 2 +- exotic Exotic mesons are not generated when S=0

11. Mass (GeV) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 qq Mesons L = 01234 Each box corresponds to 4 nonets (2 for L=0) Radial excitations (L = qq angular momentum) exotic nonets 0 – + 0 + – 1 + + 1 + – 1 – + 1 – – 2 – + 2 + – 2 + + 0 – + 2 – + 0 + + Glueballs Hybrids Meson Map

12. Pion Production Exotic hybrids suppressed Extensive search but little evidence Quark spins anti-aligned

13. Photoproduction Production of exotic hybrids favored. Almost no data available Quark spins already aligned

14. E852 Results At 18 GeV/c to partial wave analysis suggests dominates

15. Results of Partial Wave Analysis Benchmark resonances

16. An Exotic Signal in E852 Leakage From Non-exotic Wave due to imperfectly understood acceptance Exotic Signal Correlation of Phase & Intensity

17.  System P-wave exotic reported at 1400 MeV/c 2 Confirmed by Crystal Barrel Analysis in progress P-wave not consistent with B-W parameterization

18. Compare  p and  p Data BNL @ 18 GeV Compare statistics and shapes ca. 1998 28 4 Events/50 MeV/c 2 SLAC @ 19 GeV SLAC 1.02.52.01.5 ca. 1993

19. What is Needed?  PWA requires that the entire event be identified - all particles detected, measured and identified. The detector should be hermetic for neutral and charged particles, with excellent resolution and particle ID capability.  The beam energy should be sufficiently high to produce mesons in the desired mass range with excellent acceptance. Too high an energy will introduce backgrounds, reduce cross-sections of interest and make it difficult to achieve above experimental goals.  PWA also requires high statistics and linearly polarized photons. Linear polarization will be discussed. At 10 8 photons/sec and a 30-cm LH 2 target a 1 µb cross section will yield 600M events/yr. We want sensitivity to sub-nanobarn production cross-sections.

20. Linear Polarization Linear polarization is: Essential to isolate the production mechanism (M) if X is known A J PC filter if M is known (via a kinematic cut) Related to the fact that states of linear polarization are eigenstates of parity. States of circular polarization are not. M

21. Optimal Photon Energy Figure of merit based on: 1. Beam flux and polarization 2. Production yields 3. Separation of meson/baryon production Optimum photon energy is about 9 GeV

22. flux photon energy (GeV) 12 GeV electrons Coherent Bremsstrahlung This technique provides requisite energy, flux and polarization collimated Incoherent & coherent spectrum tagged with 0.1% resolution 40% polarization in peak electrons in photons out spectrometer diamond crystal

23. JLab Facility Hall D will be located here

24. CHL-2 Upgrade magnets and power supplies Upgrade Plan

25. Detector Lead Glass Detector Solenoid Electron Beam from CEBAF Coherent Bremsstrahlung Photon Beam Tracking Target Cerenkov Counter Time of Flight Barrel Calorimeter Note that tagger is 80 m upstream of detector http://dustbunny.physics.indiana.edu/HallD

26. Detector

27. Solenoid & Lead Glass Array At SLAC At LANL Now at JLab

28. Acceptance in Decay Angles Gottfried-Jackson frame: In the rest frame of X the decay angles are theta, phi assuming 9 GeV photon beam Mass [X] = 1.4 GeV Mass [X] = 1.7 GeV Mass [X] = 2.0 GeV Acceptance is high and uniform Acceptance

29. Finding an Exotic Wave Mass Input: 1600 MeV Width Input: 170 MeV Output: 1598 +/- 3 MeV Output: 173 +/- 11 MeV Double-blind M. C. exercise An exotic wave (J PC = 1 -+ ) was generated at level of 2.5 % with 7 other waves. Events were smeared, accepted, passed to PWA fitter. Statistics shown here correspond to a few days of running.

30. Review David CasselCornell (chair) Frank CloseRutherford John DomingoJLab Bill DunwoodieSLAC Don GeesamanArgonne David HitlinCaltech Martin OlssonWisconsin Glenn YoungORNL The Committee Executive Summary Highlights: The experimental program proposed in the Hall D Project is well-suited for definitive searches of exotic states that are required according to our current understanding of QCD JLab is uniquely suited to carry out this program of searching for exotic states The basic approach advocated by the Hall D Collaboration is sound

31. Collaboration US Experimental Groups A. Dzierba (Spokesperson) - IU C. Meyer (Deputy Spokesperson) - CMU E. Smith (JLab Hall D Group Leader) L. Dennis (FSU)R. Jones (U Conn) J. Kellie (Glasgow)A. Klein (ODU) G. Lolos (Regina) (chair)A. Szczepaniak (IU) Collaboration Board Carnegie Mellon University Catholic University of America Christopher Newport University University of Connecticut Florida International University Florida State University Indiana University Jefferson Lab Los Alamos National Lab Norfolk State University Old Dominion University Ohio University University of Pittsburgh Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute University of Glasgow Institute for HEP - Protvino Moscow State University Budker Institute - Novosibirsk University of Regina CSSM & University of Adelaide Carleton University Carnegie Mellon University Insitute of Nuclear Physics - Cracow Hampton University Indiana University Los Alamos North Carolina Central University University of Pittsburgh University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge Other Experimental Groups Theory Group 90 collaborators 25 institutions

32. LRP www.nscl.msu.edu/future/lrp2002.html NSAC Long Range Plan

33. LRP www.nscl.msu.edu/future/lrp2002.html

34. LRP

35. Conclusion In the last decade we have seen much theoretical progress – especially in LGT Low energy data on gluonic excitations are needed to understand the nature of confinement in QCD. Recent data in hand provide hints of these excitations - but a detailed map of the hybrid spectrum is essential. Photoproduction promises to be rich in hybrids – starting with those possessing exotic quantum numbers – and little or no data exist. The energy-upgraded JLab will provide photon beams of the needed flux, duty factor, polarization along with a state-of-the-art detector to collect high-quality data of unprecedented statistics and precision. If exotic hybrids are there - we will find them.

36. E852 Experiment at BNL After PWA: Conclusion: an exotic signal at A mass of 1400 MeV and width Of about 300 MeV Controversy

37. E852 Experiment at BNL 18 GeV/c If  resonates in a P-wave - the resonance has exotic QN

38.  0 Analysis - S & D Waves Robert Lindenbusch Maciej Swat

39.  0 Analysis No P-wave P-wave exotic Final state interactions

40. Fixing D-wave (a 2 ) and then fitting intensity and phase yields P-wave mass of 1.3 GeV and a width of 750 MeV  0 Analysis

41. (Exotic) Meson Spectroscopy : Role of Final State Interactions (IU experimentalists meet IU theorists) What is the nature of the P + (J PC =1 -+,    wave in    Resonance such as  (770) Rescattering such as  (400-1200) vs Quark based interactions, Meson exchange, interactions (Isgur, Speth) 3  spectrum ( J PC =1 -+,    vs        Study of P-wave mesons ( f 0 (980), a 0 (980), a 2 (1300) ) : E852 : amplitude analysis + production characteristics (t-dependence) Dispersion relations Feddeev equations (Ascoli, Wyld)    *

42. Linear Polarization - I Suppose we produce a vector via exchange of spin 0 particle and then V  SS For circular polarizationFor linear polarization Loss in degree of polarization requires corresponding increase in stats V J=0

43. Linear Polarization - II Suppose we want to determine exchange: O + from 0 - or A N from A U Parity conservation implies: With linear polarization which is sum or diff of R and L we can separate Linear Polarization Essential X J=0 – or 0 + V

44. Pion-Induced Production From A. Szczepaniak @ 18 GeV

45. Photoproduction data theory @ 5 GeV 8 GeV From A. Szczepaniak

46. Add Arc Add Cryomodules The Upgrade Plan More on Monday from Kees deJager from JLab http://dustbunny.physics.indiana.edu/HallD

47.  Radphi @ JLab Rare radiative decays of the  meson Complementary to  factory measurements

48. Cut-away of Radphi Detector located in Hall B Rare Radiative Decays of the  meson Events/10 MeV Phi decays Phi experiment data from Summer, 2000 Craig Steffen

49.  Radphi @ JLab Craig Steffen

50. Hall D at JLab $35M $50M $15M $12M Construction start - 2006 Physics - 2009 Strongly Recommended Build it Soon ! NSAC - March 2001

52. Solenoid BeforeAfter February 2002