1. CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 02 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann

2. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008 Today’s Topics Comments/Questions binary morphological operators –erosion –dilation –opening –closing –conditional dilation AND, OR, NOT, MINUS

3. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376 - Spring 2008 structuring element a structuring element is a typically small binary image representing some shape, and a structuring element has an origin –e.g. a 3x3 square of all 1-pixels, with center as origin –a 5x5 binary image with a diamond shape of 1-pixels, others 0's –let's look at others in figure 3.12 on p. 64 a structuring element is applied to a binary image by hovering the origin pixel over each pixel in the image one at a time –only the 1-pixels in the structuring element matter (the 0-pixels are not compared)‏ –if the structuring element fits, this means that all the 1-pixels in the structuring element correspond to 1-pixels in the image –if the structuring element hits, this means that at least one 1-pixels in the structuring element corresponds to a 1-pixel in the image

4. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376 - Spring 2008 binary morphology binary image morphological operations –image is f, structuring element is s, resulting image is g –dilation – increase the size of regions f dilated by s results in g where g contains a 1 if s hits f, 0 otherwise –erosion – decrease the size of regions f eroded by s results in g where g contains a 1 if s fits f, 0 otherwise

5. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376 - Spring 2008 binary morphology binary image morphological operations –image is f, structuring element is s, resulting image is g –closing – closes up holes within regions –f closed by s results in g, which is the result of f dilated by s and then eroded by s –opening – get rid of jutting out portions of regions –f opened by s results in g, which is the result of f eroded by s and then dilated by s Both opening and closing are idempotent –this means after one closing of f by s, further closings by s do not change the result –same for opening

6. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376 - Spring 2008 binary morphology binary image morphological operations –let's look at examples in figure 3.13 –as well as a program that performs these operations w/ structuring elements 5x5 diamond, 7x7 disk, vertical line 5, horizontal line 5, lshaped11x11 whiteSquareHollow.png whiteSquareHollow2.png whiteSquare2.png (use diamonds and disks)‏ whiteSquareNoisy2.png char_aNoisy.png

7. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376 - Spring 2008 binary morphology Other simple operations that can be done to binary images –f and g are binary images of the same dimensions –AND: f AND g results in h where h contains a 1 iff f and g both contain a 1 –OR: f OR g results in h where h contains a 1 if either f and/or g contain a 1 –NOT: NOT f results in h where all 0's in f result in 1's in h and all 1's in f result in 0's in h –MINUS: f MINUS g results in h where 1 minus 0 = 1 all others 0

8. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376 - Spring 2008 binary morphology in your own time, look at the gear-tooth inspection example and follow each step closely to understand how this uses the operators we just learned and why consider the following problem: –exercise 3.8 a thresholded satellite image of a region is generated such that the water pixels are 1's, and bridges that cross the water are 0's (they are fairly thin)‏ –how to make the bridge pixels 1's so that it looks all like water –how to detect the bridges as separate objects

9. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376 - Spring 2008 binary morphology binary image morphological operations –conditional dilation let's look at the example on page 72 an image B is first eroded to find only regions containing vertical lines of >= 3 1-pixels (note: this is not part of the conditional dilation) --- this results in an image C D is a 3x3 square structuring element then, C is conditionally dilated by D with respect to B which –repeatedly dilates C by D while only retaining 1's that are in B –this is done until there are no further changes –this is a nice operator to “select” only certain regions with a particular structural property (which was determined by the original erosion)‏

10. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376 - Spring 2008 binary morphology Tomorrow, you will do a lab on binary morphology –to prepare, you should read the parts of chapter 3 dealing with this topic and understand fully the gear-tooth example For the rest of today's class, break up into groups of two or three and type up your planning in pseudocode of how you would go about implementing functions for erosion and dilation. Each should take in a binary image and a structuring element which is also a binary image, as well as an origin of the structuring element. –I'm not sure we can store 1 bit per pixel in an IplImage --- the depth field doesn't say we can use IPL_DEPTH_1U although this is defined as a constant. If we can't we can use IPL_DEPTH_8U and treat 00000000 as zero and 11111111 as one for binary images. Then type up pseudocode for implementing opening and closing. Send me via email what you have by the end of class today.