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E-ODMRP: Enhanced ODMRP with Motion Adaptive Refresh Soon Y. Oh, Joon-Sang Park, Mario Gerla Computer Science Dept. UCLA
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2 Multicasting in ad hoc nets Why multicast in ad hoc nets? Group (1-to-many) communication Wireless “broadcast” medium ODMRP: On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol One of the most widely used ad hoc multicast routing protocol Simple yet high-performing
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3 Join Query Join Reply Forwarding Node Link Multicast Route On-demand approach: A source initiates JOIN QUERY flooding only when it has data to send The sender periodically floods JOIN QUERY control messages All intermediate nodes set up route to sender (backward pointer) Members send Join Reply messages following backward pointers Routes from sources to receivers build a mesh of nodes called “forwarding group”. S R R R R Forwarding Group ODMRP: Initialization Phase F F F F
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4 Generalize to multiple sources To make the procedure scalable to large number of sources: stagger “join query” floods aggregate join replies S R R R R S1 S2 Forwarding Group F F F F
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5 Source broadcasts data packet to neighbors Forwarding Group nodes forward multicast packets via “restricted” flooding on the forwarding mesh Soft state No explicit receiver join/leave messages Forwarding nodes clear state upon timeout Extremely robust to mobility, fast fading, obstacles, jamming S R R R R S2 Forwarding Group ODMRP: operation
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6 Comparison: Packet Delivery Ratio
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7 Comparison: O/H = tx/deliver
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8 Problem: Forward Group maintenance Mesh is very resilient to: Short term disruptions (jamming, fading, obstacles) Medium term (connectivity) disruptions, eg FG node moving out of field FG maintenance To overcome connectivity disruptions, need frequent m esh refresh Short refresh interval (proportional to FG node longevity) needed to keep connectivity in the face of motion Problem: Short refresh interval leads to high overhead Refresh rate is a key performance parameter
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9 Adaptive route refreshing Route refresh rate is adjusted on-the-fly to environment, i.e., node mobility Adjustment is based on receivers ’ loss reports to source Local route recovery Receiver estimates packet interval and calculate time out eg. Interval * n If time out expires, the disconnected node proactively grafts onto the FG mesh instead of waiting until next route refresh Solution: motion adaptive refresh + local route recovery
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10 Local Route Recovery Ring search with limited TTL Disconnected node (say node A) floods RECEIVER JOIN locally, e.g. set packet TTL to 1 On reception of RECEIVER JOIN, a Listener node, a neighbor of any forwarder or receiver nodes, sets itself up as a Temporary Forwarders and start forwarding next several data packets Node A sends passive ACKs to one of Temporary Forwarders (say node B) Node B becomes a Forwarder and others clear their status and go back to Listeners
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11 Local Route Recovery Source Forwarders ReceiversListeners Receiver Join Data flow A B C D
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12 Local Route Recovery A B C D Source Forwarders ReceiversListeners Receiver Join Data flow
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13 Local Route Recovery A B C Source Forwarders ReceiversListeners Receiver Join Data flow D
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14 Local Route Recovery (Cont.) If failed Local Recovery, the disconnected node floods entire network with REFRESH REQUEST On reception of REFRESH REQUEST, sources refresh FG by flooding JOIN QUERY
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15 Adaptive Route Refresh Refresh interval varies between min and max value, e.g. 3 sec and 30 sec On reception of REFRESH REQUEST (RR), refresh interval is adjusted to: Max > Rfr >Min ( route lifetime/F, 3 sec) Route lifetime is the time difference between the two events: last JOIN Query arrival and link breakage detection F is a reduction coefficient, e.g. F=2 If no RR during a refresh interval, linearly and slowly increase refresh interval
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16 Passive ACK and Pruning Intermediate nodes overhear packet transmission from downstream nodes Data packets serve as passive ACKs If a Forwarder misses several passive ACKs, it prunes itself from the mesh Passive ACK suppression technique; a leaf node skips sending a passive ACK if it receives duplicated packets Other node may send a passive ACK A leaf node is changing a upstream forwarder due to mobility
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17 Passive ACK Suppression & Pruning Forwarders Receivers Passive ACK Data flow
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18 Passive ACK Suppression & Pruning Forwarders Receivers Passive ACK Data flow
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19 Passive ACK Suppression & Pruning Forwarders Receivers Passive ACK Data flow
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20 Simulation Results Settings NS2.1b8 100 nodes on 1200x800m 2 Random Way Point mobility model 512 byte/packet Constant bit rate traffic (4 packet/sec) 300 seconds simulation time Scenario 1: Varying mobility Varying max speed (1 ~ 30m/s) and 0 sec pause time 1 group, 1 source, and 20 receivers
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21 Simulation Results (Cont.) Scenario 2: Varying number of receivers Varying number of receivers (10 ~ 50) 20 m/s max speed and 0 sec pause time Scenarios 3: Varying data rate Varying data rate 4pkts/sec ~ 30pkts/sec 20 m/s max speed and 0 sec pause time 1 group, 1 source, and 20 receivers Scenarios 4: Varying number of sources Varying number of sources (1 ~ 6) 20 m/s max speed and 0 sec pause time 1 group and 20 receivers
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22 Results in various mobility cases Packet Delivery Ratio E-ODMRP maintains PDR degradation within 1% to ODMRP and surpasses ADMR’s PDR
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23 Results in various mobility cases Normalized Packet Overhead E-ODMRP reduces the normalized overhead by 50% to ODMRP’s
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24 Results in various group size Packet Delivery Ratio E-ODMRP scales with the number of receivers and shows best PDR with 50 receivers
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25 Results in various group size Normalized Packet Overhead E-ODMRP normalized overhead is superior to ODMRP and ADMR
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26 Results in various Data Rate Packet Delivery Ratio E-ODMRP outperforms ODMRP and ADMR in high packet sending rate
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27 Results in various Data Rate Normalized Packet Overhead E-ODMRP keeps lowest normalized overhead in high packet sending rate
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28 Results in various number of Sources Packet Delivery Ratio PDR lines decrease by different factors and E-ODMRP surpasses others when there are more than three sources
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29 Results in various number of Sources Normalized Packet Overhead E-ODMRP overhead is near-flat line, but ADMR’s overhead slope suddenly change
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30 Conclusion E-ODMRP : Enhanced ODMRP with motion adaptive refresh E-ODMRP reduces normalized packet overhead up to 50% yet keeping similar PDR compared to ODMRP E-ODMRP surpasses ADMR in any case E-ODMRP achieves high packet delivery ratio with low overhead
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