1. Life Cycle Assessment 生命週期評估 福島康裕 助理教授 國立成功大學環境工程學系

2. Cut-off criteria Need to choose whether or not to include  production and maintenance of capitol goods  personnel (food, transportation, health, …) When can we cut the system off?  when environmental impact from that part can be considered negligible  relevance to goal and scope definition, and the type of LCA  when we explicitly decide not to include  when we don’t have enough resource (time, money, …) We should decide to cut it off, never overlook !! Otherwise, we might make mistakes in interpretation of results…

3. Allocation Some times, several products or functions share the same processes. (ex. refinery process) If the environmental load is to be expressed in relation to one of those products only, allocation problem occurs.  Multi-output  Waste treatment  Open-loop recycling Approaches  Avoid: More detail  Avoid: System expansion  Partitioning

4. In your flowchart… Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Use Reuse as garbage bag Waste treatment Initial flow chart for plastic bag for consumers Multi-output Open-loop recycling Waste treatment Function 1 : Shopping bag Function 2 : Garbage bag

5. In your flowchart… Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Use Reuse as garbage bag Waste treatment Initial flow chart for plastic bag for consumers Open-loop recycling Waste treatment Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Partitioning: Allocation by heat, volume, etc… Function 1 : Shopping bag Function 2 : Garbage bag

6. In your flowchart… Garbage bag Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Use Reuse as garbage bag Waste treatment Initial flow chart for plastic bag for consumers Waste treatment Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting System expansion: Account for avoided production of garbage bags Partitioning: Allocation by heat, volume, etc… Plastic bag

7. In your flowchart… Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Use Reuse as garbage bag Waste treatment Initial flow chart for plastic bag for consumers Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting System expansion: Account for avoided production of garbage bags Partitioning: Allocation by heat, volume, etc… Increase the level of detail: - What kind of treatment?  volume (landfill) or heat (incineration) based allocation? - Does the treatment of plastic bag cause relevant environmental impact? Garbage bag Plastic bag

8. PB – flowchart Mining Intnl. Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Use Shopping Bag Reuse as garbage bag but do not contribute in reducing garbage bag Waste treatment Plastic bag (Domestic) New Goal Definition : Find out how much consumers can reduce the environmental impacts by using recycled cloth bags. Mining Intnl. Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Intnl. Transportation Retail shops Plastic bag (Imported) Cloth production Material extraction Cloth use Production of shopping bags Reuse as garbage bag that replace original garbage bag Shopping bag by used cloth Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Garbage bag Functional Unit = 1 of shopping Question 1 Functional Unit? Question 2 Which data do we need? (Cut off criteria?) Question 1 Functional Unit? Question 2 Which data do we need? (Cut off criteria?)

9. Anonymous LCA Inc. – flowchart Mining Intnl. Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Use Shopping Bag Reuse as garbage bag but do not contribute in reducing garbage bag Waste treatment Plastic bag (Domestic) New Goal Definition : Thinner bag v.s. Reduction of consumption Mining Intnl. Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Intnl. Transportation Retail shops Plastic bag (Imported) Reuse as garbage bag that replace original garbage bag Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Garbage bag Functional Unit = 1 of shopping Question 1 Functional Unit? Question 2 Which data do we need? (Cut-off criteria?) Question 1 Functional Unit? Question 2 Which data do we need? (Cut-off criteria?)

10. PB – flowchart Mining Intnl. Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Use Shopping Bag Reuse as garbage bag but do not contribute in reducing garbage bag Waste treatment Plastic bag (Domestic) New Goal Definition : Find out how much consumers can reduce the environmental impacts by using recycled cloth bags. Mining Intnl. Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Intnl. Transportation Retail shops Plastic bag (Imported) Cloth production Material extraction Cloth use Production of shopping bags Reuse as garbage bag that replace original garbage bag Shopping bag by used cloth Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Garbage bag Functional Unit = 1 of shopping

11. PB – flowchart Mining Intnl. Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Use Shopping Bag Reuse as garbage bag but do not contribute in reducing garbage bag Waste treatment Plastic bag (Domestic) New Goal Definition : Find out how much consumers can reduce the environmental impacts by using recycled cloth bags. Mining Intnl. Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Intnl. Transportation Retail shops Plastic bag (Imported) Cloth production Material extraction Cloth use Production of shopping bags Reuse as garbage bag that replace original garbage bag Shopping bag by used cloth Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Garbage bag Functional Unit = 1 of shopping

12. PB – flowchart Mining Intnl. Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Use Shopping Bag Reuse as garbage bag but do not contribute in reducing garbage bag Waste treatment Plastic bag (Domestic) New Goal Definition : Find out how much consumers can reduce the environmental impacts by using recycled cloth bags. Mining Intnl. Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Intnl. Transportation Retail shops Plastic bag (Imported) Cloth production Material extraction Cloth use Production of shopping bags Reuse as garbage bag that replace original garbage bag Shopping bag by used cloth Mining Transportation Refinery, resin production, sheeting, cutting Garbage bag Functional Unit = 1 of shopping

13. Everything is connected!! 「風が吹けば桶屋が儲かる」 If the wind brows, then tub producers will make more money. (Japanese proverb)  Spring wind brows  Sand dust blown up  Sand dust hurts people’s eyes  Cause eye disease  People play shamisen (string instrument that use cat skin for decoration) and make a living  less cats  more mice  people use tub to catch mice, but mice would make a hole on tubs and run away  people need to ask tub producers to fix their tub  tub producers will make money