1. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Texas A&M University
College of Veterinary Medicine
Jeffrey Musser DVM, PhD, DABVP
Suzanne Burnham, DVM

2. Foot-and-mouth Disease
Disease Basics
Image taken from:
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

3. Foot-and-mouth Disease Contents
Definition and Etiology
Host range
Incubation
Clinical signs
Transmission
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

4. Foot-and-mouth Disease
Known around the world as
Afta epizotica
Bek-en-klouseer
Fiebre Aftosa
Fievre aphteuse
Maul-und-Klauenseuche
Foreign Animal Diseases, USAHA, 1992.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

5. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious, viral disease of domestic cloven-hoofed and many wild animals characterized by erosions in the mucosa of the mouth and hooves.
Image courtesy of Dr Tom McKenna
Image courtesy of Dr Tom McKenna
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

6. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
This devastating disease is considered to be the most important livestock disease in the world.
It is THE most contagious virus disease of animals.
It has not occurred in the US since 1929.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

7. Worldwide Occurrence of FMDA O C As
SAT
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

8. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Countries that are foot-and-mouth disease-free do NOT want to re-import the disease
FMD free countries have instituted embargoes on agricultural imports from countries where effective control is not practiced
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

9. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Important factors
Short incubation period
Release of virus prior to appearance of clinical signs
Massive quantities of virus released
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Extended survival in the environment
Multitude of routes of virus transmission
Minimal size of the infective dose
Aerosol transmission possible up to 250 km depending on strain and environmental conditions (10km, 170km, 250km reported over water)
William White, PIADC
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

11. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Although not very lethal to adult animals, it causes serious production losses.
Image 1 provided by Dr Corrie Brown, Image 2 provided by Dr Tom McKenna
World cow image taken from Internet at:
FMD is a major constraint to international trade in livestock and livestock products
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

12. Foot-and-mouth Disease:
Etiology
Host range
Incubation
Clinical signs
Transmission
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Image provided by USDA
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

13. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Etiology
The virion is non-enveloped, small,
(about nm in
Diameter), and has
icosahedral symmetry.
It is composed of a
single-stranded RNA
genome of about 8,000
nucleotides.
Paul Sutmoller, Dr. Med. Vet., Animal Health Consultant, Richmond, Virginia, USA, Reviewed by Peter D McKercher, D.V.M., Ocala, Florida, USA
Foreign Animal Diseases, USAHA 1992.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

14. Etiology Foot-and-mouth Disease virus (FMDV)
Family Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus
7 serological types:
Type A
Type O,
Type C,
South African Territories (SAT) 1,
South African Territories (SAT) 2,
South African Territories (SAT) 3,
and Asia 1
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

15. Etiology Foot-and-mouth Disease virus (FMDV)
Over 60 subtypes
Antigenic variation seems
to be greatest for Serotype A.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

16. Foot-and-mouth Disease:
Etiology
Host range
Incubation
Clinical signs
Transmission
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

17. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Host Range
All cloven-hoofed domestic animals:
Cattle and Buffalo
Sheep
Goats
Swine
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

18. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Host Range
Most cloven-footed wild animals:
Deer
Bison
Feral hogs
Antelope
Wild hog image from Texas Animal Health Commission with thanks to Dr Ken Waldrup
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

19. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Host Range
Water buffalo
can be carriers for
5 years
Llamas and alpacas
are susceptible, but
of no epidemiological
significance
Image courtesy of Dr Linda Logan
African water buffalo
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

20. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Host Range
Giraffes
Elephants
Images by Linda Logan and Tita Burnham
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

21. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Host Range
Armadillos
Armadillos are not only
susceptible but are
capable of transmitting the
disease to each other and
possibly to other species
USAHA Proceedings 1974:
“Clinical and serological response of the Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus
novemcinctus) to viruses of African Swine Fever, Hog Cholera, Rinderpest
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine, Vesicular Stomatitis and Foot-and-mouth
disease”
USAHA Proceedings 1974:
“Clinical and serological response of the Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus
novemcinctus) to viruses of African Swine Fever, Hog Cholera, Rinderpest
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine, Vesicular Stomatitis and Foot-and-mouth
disease”
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

22. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Host Range
Hedgehogs
Nutria
Capybaras
Rats, Mice and
Guinea pigs can
be infected
experimentally
Experimentally hedgehogs can become infected with FMD virus, and can transmit the disease to other hedgehogs. JJ Callis
Image from the following website accessed on Aug. 22, 2006:
Capybara
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

23. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Host Range
Not seen in odd-toed
animals such as
horses, zebras or rhinos
Horse image from:
Rhino image from:
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

24. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Image by Dr Linda Logan, Cairo Jan. 2006
Old World Camel
is resistant to
natural infection
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

25. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Host Range
indicator
maintenance
Slide borrowed from Dr L Logan with permission
amplifier
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

26. Foot-and-mouth Disease:
Etiology
Host range
Incubation
Clinical signs
Transmission
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

27. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Incubation
Incubation period depends on which strain of FMD virus (7 serotypes), dosage,
and the route of entry.
As short as 2-3 days in close contact
As long as days from windborne infection
Experimentally shown to be as short as hours
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

28. Minimum doses of FMD virus to initiate infection
Respiratory Oral
Route Route
Cattle 12 TCID X 106 TCID50
Pigs TCID X 103TCID50
Sheep TCID50
Impalas 1 TCID50
Geering, W.A., A.J. Forman and M.J. Nunn, Exotic Diseases of Animals, 1995; Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, p.115.
Foot-and-mouth disease, a presentation by Dr Moritz van Vuuren given at the Foreign Animal and Emerging Diseases Course, Knoxville, Tenn., 2005
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

29. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Pathogenesis
Most animals acquire virus usually by inhalation
Humans and pigs are more susceptible to infection by oral route
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

30. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Pathogenesis
Initial replication in terminal bronchioles, 24hpi
Subsequent viremia with spread to stratified squamous epithelium
ISH
Images from L Logan and C Brown
H&E
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

31. Cytolytic replication in stratum spinosum cells, creating vesicle
H&E
ISH
From Corrie Brown
Virus can be detected in most cells during viremia but vesicles or blisters form in areas of rapid cell growth and where friction occurs naturally such as in the mouth or between toes.
Cytolytic replication in stratum spinosum cells, creating vesicle
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

32. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Image from the Pig: from the “Pig Site.com” and
Foot-and-mouth blisters on a pig's snout
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

33. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
24 hrs after infection, virus begins replicating
Virus is excreted in high quantities in expired air, in all secretions including milk, and from ruptured vesicles.
Pigs can excrete up to 400 million infective virus particles a day
“Virus is excreted in high quantities in expired air, in all secretions and excretions (including milk and semen), and from ruptured vesicles. Pigs liberate vast quantities of airborne virus in their expired breath. An infected pig can excrete up to 400 million TCID50 a day, but ruminant animals excrete a maximum of only 120,000 TCID50 a day.” Geering, W.A., A.J. Forman and M.J. Nunn, Exotic Diseases of Animals, 1995; Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, p.115.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

34. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Excretion of FMD virus can begin up to 14 days BEFORE clinical disease becomes apparent.
Tomasula, P.M. and R.P. Konstance. “The Survival of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Raw and Pasteurized Milk and Milk Products”. Journal of Dairy Science, 2004; 87:
Image by Dr Suzanne Burnham
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

35. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Pathogenesis
Virus replication in respiratory epithelium and lymphoid tissue
In domestic ruminants pharynx and dorsal soft palate are predilection site for replication of FMDv
Virus persists there for prolonged periods
Thomson, G. R. and Bastos, A. D. S. “Foot-and-mouth disease” Ch 125 of Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Volume 2. Ed. J. A. W. Coetzer and R. C. Tustin. Oxford University Press, second edition, 2004,
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

36. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Replication in lymphoid tissue, tonsils mucosa of soft palate
Virus can be recovered from retropharyngeal, mandibular, and parotid lymph nodes in more than 50% of cattle in pre-viremic stage
Thomson, G. R. and Bastos, A. D. S. “Foot-and-mouth disease” Ch 125 of Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Volume 2. Ed. J. A. W. Coetzer and R. C. Tustin. Oxford University Press, second edition, 2004,
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

37. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
High virus levels may occur in organs and tissues which do not generally develop gross changes including unaffected skin areas
Thomson, G. R. and Bastos, A. D. S. “Foot-and-mouth disease” Ch 125 of Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Volume 2. Ed. J. A. W. Coetzer and R. C. Tustin. Oxford University Press, second edition, 2004,
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

38. Characteristic Blister Formation
Epithelial lesions of FMD are initiated by infection of single cells in the stratum spinosum.
Following infection, bullae develop by lysis of cell swollen by degeneration and release of intracellular fluid or focal intercellular edema
Bullae coalesce and rupture
Thomson, G. R. and Bastos, A. D. S. “Foot-and-mouth disease” Ch 125 of Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Volume 2. Ed. J. A. W. Coetzer and R. C. Tustin. Oxford University Press, second edition, 2004,
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

39. Characteristic Blister Formation
Development of characteristic vesicular lesions depends on 2 factors:
Infection of epithelium
Persistent local irritation or friction
Thomson, G. R. and Bastos, A. D. S. “Foot-and-mouth disease” Ch 125 of Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Volume 2. Ed. J. A. W. Coetzer and R. C. Tustin. Oxford University Press, second edition, 2004,
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

40. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
This explains why the mouth, feet and teats are predilections sites for blisters in cattle;
the dorsum of the snout in pigs from snuffling,
on the knees of warthogs that kneel when feeding
Thomson, G. R. and Bastos, A. D. S. “Foot-and-mouth disease” Ch 125 of Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Volume 2. Ed. J. A. W. Coetzer and R. C. Tustin. Oxford University Press, second edition, 2004,
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

41. Foot-and-mouth Disease:
Etiology
Host range
Incubation
Clinical signs
Transmission
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

42. General Clinical Signs
Images from the USDA Image Library
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

43. General Clinical Signs
Vesicles and erosions in the mucosa of the mouth, and skin-hoof junction
Excessive salivation
Lameness
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

44. General Clinical Signs
Listless
Lifting feet alternately
Lameness
Clear nasal discharge progressing to mucopurulent
Image from USDA image library
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

45. General Clinical Signs
Blisters in the mouth
Blisters on the muzzle
Blisters on the tongue
Excessive Salivation
Image from USDA image library
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

46. Foot-and-Mouth Disease

47. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Signs develop rapidly in cattle and are more severe than lesions in pigs, sheep or goats.
If all species are exposed together, cattle will show signs first.
Some serotypes of FMDV affect particular species more than others.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

48. Clinical Signs in Cattle
Fever (103°-106°F)
Depression
Anorexia
Milk production ceases
Blisters start to form in the mouth
Excessive ropy, viscous salivation
Blisters rupture within 24 hrs leaving raw, painful ulcers
Mouth lesions usually heal in days
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

49. Clinical Signs in Cattle
Blisters form on:
Mouth
Tongue
Dental pad
Gums
Soft palate
Muzzle
Nostrils
Feet
Inter-digital space
Coronary band
Teats
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

50. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Image courtesy of Dr Tom McKenna
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

51. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Images courtesy of Dr Tom McKenna
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

52. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Images courtesy of Dr Tom McKenna
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

53. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
usda
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

54. Clinical Signs in Cattle
Body tremors from pain
Lameness from developing lesions on feet
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

55. Clinical Signs in Cattle
Lameness
Coronary band lesion
first appears blanched
Blisters form between
the digits
Stamping and shaking
of feet
Trembling
Excretion of virus from foot lesions tends to last a day or two longer than from mouth lesions, so foot lesions may be a better source of virus for diagnostic purposes in older cases. Geering
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

56. Clinical Signs in Cattle
Smacking of the lips and sucking of the sore tongue is characteristic
Secondary Bacterial infections
Mastitis –permanent damage to udder
Pregnant cows may abort
Copious salivation in an acutely affected Balinese cow, (P.T Hooper) from Geering, p. 119.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

57. Progression of disease
Blisters at infection site initially appear as blanched area in the epithelium
Area fills with serous fluid forming a vesicle
Vesicles enlarge and coalesce
Vesicles crack or rupture leaking fluid
The epithelium necroses off leaving raw ulcer or erosion
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

58. Progression of disease
Grey fibrinous coating forms over lesions
The coating becomes discolored, yellow, brown, green
As epithelium is restored, lines of demarcation are evident
Sometimes but not always, permanent scars form
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

59. Progression of disease
When blisters are present, cattle salivate profusely with ropy viscous material hanging from mouth
Also see severe lacrimation and nasal discharge
When vesicles rupture, fever ends followed by end of viremia
Start to finish, signs last days.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

60. Progression of disease
Recovered animals are permanently unthrifty
Image by Dr Suzanne Burnham
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

61. Aging lesions in cattle
Day One
Formation of fluid-filled blister, or vesicle
2 mm-10 cm on the dorsal surface of the tongue
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

62. Aging lesions in cattle
Day
Six
Day
Four
Salivation increases as vesicles form and
rupture. Symptoms increase in intensity.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

63. Aging lesions in cattle
Days 8-14
Animals may recover in
2 weeks. Only 1-5%
die from FMD
High morbidity,
Low mortality
Lines of demarcation
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

64. Clinical Signs in Cattle
Morbidity approaches 100% in a susceptible herd.
Merck
FMD – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay. 2000
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

65. Clinical Signs in Cattle
Low Mortality
Rarely fatal except in young animals
Extra-epithelial
replication limited to
myocardium,
immature animals only
USDA
USDA
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

66. Clinical Signs in Cattle
Young calves may die without showing any clinical signs
Images taken by S Burnham
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

67. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
In young animals there is focal necrosis
of cardiac muscle. “Tiger heart”
50-80% young animals die (calves, lambs, etc)
Image provided Drs Linda Logan and Tom McKenna
by Dr Linda Logan
USDA
USDA
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

68. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Recovery
Recovered animals are “poor doers”
Image by Dr Linda Logan
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

69. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Recovery
“More than 200 cows infected in Cambodian
foot-and-mouth disease outbreak”
Time is GMT + 8 hours Posted: 25-Jul :19 hrs
A cow stands on a bank of the Tonle Sap River.
More than 200 cattle in Cambodia have been infected
with foot-and-mouth disease since an outbreak
last month northwest of the capital, but have
since recovered.
More than 200 cattle have been sickened with foot-and-mouth disease since June but now all the cattle have recovered and it has not spread," said Keo Rithy, deputy chief of Kampong Chhnang's animal health and production office.
Cattle in three villages in Kampong Chhnang province had been infected but none had died and no cullings were carried out, he told AFP.
Foot-and-mouth disease is a severe, highly contagious viral disease that affects all species of cloven-hoofed animals but is not usually fatal in fully grown animals.
Financial losses as a result of the disease can be significant both in direct losses due to deaths in young animals, loss of milk, loss of meat and a decrease in productive performance.
Cambodian farmers depend heavily on cows and buffaloes for their livelihoods. — AFP
More than 200 cattle in Cambodia have been infected with foot-and-mouth disease since an outbreak last month northwest of the capital but have since recovered, an animal health official said.
"More than 200 cattle have been sickened with foot-and-mouth disease since June but now all the cattle have recovered and it has not spread," said Keo Rithy, deputy chief of Kampong Chhnang's animal health and production office.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

70. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Up to 50% of recovered
ruminants continue
to shed the virus sporadically,
6-24 months post-infection.
Images by Dr Suzanne Burnham
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

71. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Water buffalo can be carriers for 5 years
Photo by Dr Linda Logan
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

72. Clinical Signs in Swine
Fever
No appetite
Reluctant to move
Worst blistering is on the feet
May slough the hoof
Abortion
Suckling piglets die suddenly – even before blisters develop
USDA
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

73. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Tom McKenna
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

74. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Tom McKenna
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

75. Clinical Signs in Swine
USDA
Blisters on teats and udders
Mastitis
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

76. Clinical Signs in Swine
USDA
Pigs –Reluctance to move, painful toes
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

77. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Tom McKenna
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

78. Clinical Signs in Sheep and Goats
USDA
Vesicles on dental pad and between toes
Prone to develop secondary foot-rot
Lamb death, 50-90%
Sheep can be carriers for up to 9 months
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

79. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Image courtesy of Dr Tom McKenna
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

80. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Image courtesy of Dr Tom McKenna
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

81. Clinical Signs in Sheep and Goats
When sheep or goats become infected with FMD, the disease may not be diagnosed for a considerable time because the clinical signs may be very mild.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

82. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Sheep may appear healthy but will be producing infectious aerosols or spreading the virus via urine, feces or direct contact.
Image by Dr Kenneth Waldrup
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

83. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Lesions in giraffe
Image from presentation on FMD by Moritz van Vuuren at 2005 FEAD course in Tennessee
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

84. Foot-and-mouth Disease:
Etiology
Host range
Incubation
Clinical signs
Transmission
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

85. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Transmission
Aerosols/Airborne, Inhaled
Direct or indirect contact-droplets,
Ingestion
Artificial Insemination
Vectors (vehicles, equipment, or humans)
Carrier state
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

86. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Transmission
Aerosol
Spread of aerosols from infected animals, given the right temperature and humidity can travel 250km on the wind
Aerosols transmission via dust storms in Africa spread FMD to England
Dr tom McKenna
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

87. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Transmission
Airborne on the wind
Airborne from burning pyres suspected
Airborne from infected milk transport
Image by Dr Kenneth Waldrup
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

88. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Transmission
Aerosol droplets spread from infected animal
Sheds 400,000,000 virus
particles per day
Only takes 10-12
virus particles to
infect one cow
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

89. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Transmission
Direct or indirect contact with infected animals
Feral hog image from Texas Animal Health Commission, permission by Dr Ken Waldrup
“World cow” from Internet
If infected feral hogs come into contact with domestic
livestock in the US, it will affect the whole world!
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

90. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Transmission
Foot and mouth disease
virus can be transmitted
via:
Milk
Semen
Saliva
Feces
Urine
Breath
Foot and mouth disease virus can be transmitted from incubating or clinically affected animals
via: milk, semen, saliva, feces, urine, breath
“Supersoaker fights on the dairy farm”
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

91. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Transmission
Ingestion- Feeding contaminated garbage (meat, milk, glands, bones, cheese, etc)
Intraocular
Artificial insemination, or natural reproduction
Foot-and-mouth disease can be introduced into a free area in many ways. Airborne droplets with FMD virus is probably the most natural means of infection, but the virus can be transmitted many ways. FMD can be transmitted through the eye. (Sutmoller, P. and McVicar, J.W., “Foot-and-mouth Disease: Early virus growth after conjunctival exposure of cattle”. Archiv. Fur Gesamte Virusforschung, as reported by
Callis, J.J., “Foot-and-mouth Disease in Cattle – Some Relationships Between Pathogenesis and Epizootiology”. Foreign Animal Diseases Seminar, Proceedings. March 15-16, 1980, University of Missouri, CVM with USDA, APHIS, VS, Emergency Programs, PIADC. P.1-10.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

92. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Vectors
Contact with contaminated objects (equipment, footwear, clothing)
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

93. Transmission by humans
A person in contact with infected animals may retain and exhale virus for up to 36 hours and serve as source of infection.
Humans serve as a mechanical vector when moving from infected animals to susceptible animals.
Amass, S.F., J.M. Pacheco, P.W. Mason, J.L. Schneider, R.M. Alvarez, L.K. Clark, and D. Ragland, “Procedures for preventing the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus to pigs and sheep by personnel in contact with infected pigs”. Veterinary Record, 2003; 153,
Amass, S. F., P. W. Mason, J. M. Pacheco, C. A. Miller, A. Ramirez, L. K. Clark, D. Ragland, J. L. Schneider, and S. J. Kenyon, “Procedures for preventing transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (O/TAW/97) by people”. Veterinary Microbiology 2004; 103:143-9.
Hyslop, N.S. “Transmission of the virus of FMD between animals and man”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1973; 49:
Sellers, R.F., Donaldson, A.I., Herniman, K.A., “Inhalation, persistence and dispersal of foot-and-mouth disease virus by man. J. Hyg. (Lond)1970; 68,
Sellers RF, Donaldson AI, Herniman KAJ, “Transfer of foot and mouth disease virus by man”, Vet Record 1971; 68:
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

94. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Transmission
Birds can be mechanical vectors and can pass viable FMD virus after ingestion, but are not considered a factor in the spread of the disease
Donaldson, A. I., “Quantitative data on air-borne foot-and-mouth disease virus. Philosophic Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 302: , 1983.
Hurst, G.W. “foot –and-Mouth disease: the possibility of continental sources of the virus in England in epidemics in Oct and several other years” Veterinary Record 81: 610-4, 1968.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

95. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Birds can also be infected with
FMD virus and shed virus in feces
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

96. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Intentional act of
Bioterrorism
Courtesy Maryland Dept of Agriculture Public Affairs
Effective if humidity is
>60%
Can travel 60km overland
or 300km over water
images/nzcropduster.jpg
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

97. Foot-and-mouth Disease:
Etiology
Host range
Incubation
Clinical signs
Transmission
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

98. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Diagnosis
Serum neutralization test
Complement fixation test
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
FAO
Field diagnosis
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

99. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
FMD Testing
Slide designed by Tom McKenna, Bill White PIADC used with permission of Dr McKenna
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

100. Laboratory Diagnosis For virus For antibodies ELISA
Virus neutralization
Virus isolation
Agar gel immunodiffusion
PCR*
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

101. Foot-and-mouth Disease:
Etiology
Host range
Incubation
Clinical signs
Transmission
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

102. Differential Diagnosis
As a vesicular type disease:
Vesicular stomatitis,
swine vesicular disease of pigs,
vesicular exanthema of pigs
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

103. Differential Diagnosis
Based on ulcerative lesions in the mouth or on the muzzle:
BVD/MD
MCF
Bluetongue and other orbiviruses
LSD
IBR
Rinderpest
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

104. Differential Diagnosis
Based on foot lesions:
Dermatophilosis
Foot-rot
MCF
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

105. Differential Diagnosis
Vesicular Stomatitis
Bovine Mammilitis
Bovine Viral Diarrhea
Bovine Papular Stomatitis
Mucosal Disease (foot lesions)
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Rinderpest
Bluetongue (foot lesions)
Peste des Petits Ruminants
Foot Rot
Chemical Irritants
Swine Vesicular Disease
Vesicular Exanthema - swine
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

106. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
FMD or VS?
Cannot
distinguish
clinically
Cow with Vesicular Stomatitis, Image courtesy of Dr Tom McKenna
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

107. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
FMD vs VS
VS is not as contagious as FMD
FMD does not affect horses
VS - Domestic animals are probably not primary hosts.
VS - Vector-borne disease.
VS - No effective vaccines available in US.
VS - Requires specific ecological conditions.
VS - Infects large number of wild species.
Both are zoonotic diseases
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

108. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Rapid spread of foot-and-mouth
disease world-wide….
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

109. FMD Type O 1990

110. FMD Type O 1994

111. FMD Type O 1997

112. FMD Type O 1999

113. FMD Type O 2000

114. FMD Type O 2001

115. Foot - and - Mouth Disease Distribution and Recent Activity 1999 2000
Free
Present
Recent Activity
1999
2000
2001
(Rev. 5 - 05 -
01)

116. Images Acknowledgement
Capybaras: David Pearce, BLTC Research, accessed 8/22/06.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

117. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Image Watermark
“KAW” images by Dr. Ken A. Waldrup
“MvanVuuren” images used with permission by Dr. Moritz van Vuuren
“LLogan” images by Dr. Linda Logan
“Suz” images by Dr Suzanne Burnham
“USDA” images by staff at PIADC
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118. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Bibliography
Committee on Foreign Animal Diseases of the United States Animal Heath Association, “Foreign Animal Diseases” 1992, Ch. Vesicular Diseases, p
W. A. Geering, et.al, Exotic Diseases of Animals: a field guide for Australian veterinarians, 1995, Ch Foot-and-mouth disease, p
Ninth Edition of Merck Veterinary Manual
M. Van Vuuren, Foot-and-mouth Disease, an Overview, University of Pretoria 2005, Presentation given at Knoxville, Tenn. FEAD course.
Thomson, G. R. and Bastos, A. D. S. “Foot-and-mouth disease” Ch 125 of Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Volume 2. Ed. J. A. W. Coetzer and R. C. Tustin. Oxford University Press, second edition, 2004,
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119. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Bibliography
Tomasula, P.M. and R.P. Konstance. “The Survival of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Raw and Pasteurized Milk and Milk Products”. Journal of Dairy Science, 2004; 87:
Callis, J.J. et al. “Foot-and-mouth Disease – A Review”. JAVMA, 1968; 153:12,
Musser, J.M.B. “A practitioner’s primer on foot-and-mouth disease”. JAVMA, 2004; 224:8,
Alexandersen, S., et al. “The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease”. J. Comp. Path. 2003; 129:1-36.
O.I.E.
USDA, APHIS, VS, The Grey Book. And associated websites.
Personal interviews with Dr Logan, Dr McKenna, Dr Coetzer, Dr VanVuuren and Dr Waldrup
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120. Foot-and-mouth Disease
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to
Linda Logan, DVM PhD
Ken Waldrup, DVM PhD
Jeffrey Musser, DVM
Professor Moritz van Vuuren
Kelsey Pohler- Research Assistant
Charles Swanson - Dairy Science student
Joe Stevens – Dairy Science student
Tom McKenna, DVM PhD
Corrie Brown, DVM PhD
Foot-and-Mouth Disease