1. Phragmites

2. Phragmites, what are they?  A wetland species found across the United States  It is also known as a common reed

3. Phragmites Characteristics  It can grow up to six meters high  This plant is very long lived

4. Phragmites Leaves  The leaves are defined as lanceolet –lanceolet means that they are longer than they are wide  They are 20-40 cm long and 1-4 cm wide

5. Phragmites Flowers  The flowers develop by mid summer  They are arranges in spikelets  Spikelets are very flat and very wide  These flowers aid in reproduction

6. Phragmites

7. Phragmites - Types  Native -Phragmites australis  Non-Native -Phragmites communis

8. Phragmites australis

9. Phragmites Communis

10. DifferencesBetweenNative&Non-NativeSpecies

11. Differences Between Native and Non-Native Location  Native – Common across the U.S.  Non-Native – Very common in the eastern states along the Atlantic Ocean and spreading across much of the Midwest and in parts of the Pacific Northwest

12. Differences Between Native and Non-Native Leave Sheaths  Native – fall off in the fall and they are very easily removed if they do stay on the stem  Non-Native – the leaf sheaths stay on the plant. They are difficult to remove. But can be by using a twisting motion.

13. Differences Between Native and Non-Native Stem color at base (spring/summer)  Native – Appears to be red to chestnut in color  Non-Native – Appears to be tan or brownish in color

14. Phragmite – Native Stem During Spring/Summer

15. Differences Between Native and Non-Native Stem color at base (winter)  Native – light chestnut to light brown or gray

16. Differences Between Native and Non-Native Stem color at base (winter)  Non-Native – Tan in color

17. Differences Between Native and Non-Native Stem Texture  Native – Smooth and shiny, it looks polished  Non-Native – Rough and dull, the stems are ribbed, the ridges are visible with the naked eye

18. Native Stem Texture

19. Differences Between Native and Non-Native Stem Density  Native – Low  Non- Native - High

20. Stem Density Native

21. Stem Density Non-Native

22. Differences Between Native and Non-Native Leaf Color  Native – Yellow-green  Non-Native – Dark green/gray

23. Differences Between Native and Non-Native Rhizome Density  Native – Low  Non-Native - High

24. Differences Between Native and Non-Native Rhizome Density Native

25. Differences Between Native and Non-Native Rhizome Color  Native – Yellowish  Non-Native – White to light yellow

26. Reproduction in Phragmites

27.  Can reproduce by seeds  Can reproduce asexually by means of rhizomes

28. Reproduction in Phragmites  What are rhizomes? - horizontal, usually underground stem of a plant that often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes

29. Reproduction in Phragmites  Temperature, Salinity and water levels can affect seed germination  Germination means to cause to grow or sprout  Germination will increase with increasing temperature between 16 o C to 25 o C

30. Reproduction in Phragmites  Germination is not affected by salinities below 10 parts per million (1%) but it does decline at higher salinities  Water depths of more than 5 cm and salinities above 20 parts per million (2%) prevent germination Phragmites - Reproduction GTUEYMCRSHBSYCXQGMFMPCSNG AELVDHDNEUDORIWHVYYQNHDTJ KCRGXUCVMKTDGZXBKBEDAYOWD UVAMDQVTOBWLGWWPMFWRFMDAE WGUSIZXAZNJTZOOJTMHYAAXQF TETSFNANIODYXHXKVVHLLBPTA FWUIWJAJHNTKETMGUMTOAUISD AESSSDPTRWJLAXNAKDULAPTRI TGRXNROFICSFJQSJPGBDJSJJS DBTJBXNLXOMSEENTUJQKGFBTQ CJXAFJOFFMNCXOCPRTDKRWSQL LPIRFIILUXJUBTRFEKHNNACHS ESPTPFTFCLAKQZMMIYAOSSXVI CEECRACDDLZARDPIGKVUAOPZH FLRCNMUPLISFPEWWOUZLRYOZX WLXSTRDYNFQLRIFLIMIHVOUJV AFBXLDOANNJAEZPNBNLFIBCHA HACDRURTYVTOKVGJIZNECOXCO YPNPACPCYUUKMIETOVNNDSAXU OFDWKAECRAEFBQYLVXGMFJMML ZZBNPXREICZLURPURITRXEOIY MVFKVVHCEUTZYKJJOEPXJZSDG DNIFXPHGNWKDNFPDXDTMPKHQW UQGHXJDOMTUHNKUUUQKAGMGPB LLYHGCHOSCGDWCBISOVXWSUVA ASEXUALLYGERMINATIONREPRODUCTION RHIZOMESSALINITYTEMPERATURE WATER-LEVELS

31. HistoryofPhragmites

32. History of Phragmites  During the 1900’s rapidly spread and invaded fresh and brackish wetlands.  These plants altered the landscape of the marsh-estuary system

33. History of Phragmites  The expansion may have been caused by human activity  These human activities may have led to habitat destruction, sedimentation and decreased oxygen levels in water and sediment in marsh areas

34. History of Phragmites How These Plants Can Be Used  Feed for cattle and horses  Building dwellings, lattice, fences  Arrows by Indians  Weaving for mats and carrying nets  Pulps for rayon and paper  Pens for writing on parchment  Rope Making

35. History of Phragmites How These Plants Can Be Used  Thatching, making baskets and sandals  Brooms  Medicine

36. History of Phragmites How These Plants Can Be Used in Medicine  This plant has been used in folk remedies for: LeukemiaBronchitisCancerCoughDiabetes

37. History of Phragmites How These Plants Can Be Used in Medicine FeverHiccupNauseaSoreStomach