1. Operations Management
Chapter 12 – Inventory Management
PowerPoint presentation to accompany
Heizer/Render
Principles of Operations Management, 6e
Operations Management, 8e
© 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

2. What is Inventory? Stock of items kept to meet future demand
One of the most expensive assets of many companies representing as much as 50% of total invested capital
Operations managers must balance inventory investment and customer service

3. Inventory Management
Purpose of inventory management addresses these two basic inventory issues:
How many units to order?
When to order?

4. Types of Inventory Raw material Work-in-process (WIP)
Purchased but not processed
Work-in-process (WIP)
Undergone some change but not completed
Maintenance/repair/operating (MRO)
Necessary to keep machinery and processes productive
Finished goods
Completed product awaiting shipment

5. Inventory and SCM Bullwhip effect Seasonal or cyclical demand
Demand information is distorted as it moves away from end-use customer
Higher safety stock is stored to compensate
Seasonal or cyclical demand
Inventory provides independence from vendors
Take advantage of price discounts
Inventory provides independence between stages and avoids work stoppages

6. Inventory Management
Questions that need to be answered to determine how an inventory management system should be built (welcome back OPIM 203)
These are only the starting point
How are inventory items classified?
How can accurate inventory records can be maintained?

7. ABC Analysis
Divides inventory into three classes based on annual dollar volume
Class A - high annual dollar volume
Class B - medium annual dollar volume
Class C - low annual dollar volume
Used to establish policies that focus on the few critical parts and not the many trivial ones
One way to classify inventory.

8. ABC Analysis A Items 80 – 70 – 60 – 50 –
Percent of annual dollar usage
80 –
70 –
60 –
50 –
40 –
30 –
20 –
10 –
0 –
| | | | | | | | | |
Percent of inventory items
A Items
B Items
C Items
Figure 12.2

9. ABC Analysis Other criteria than annual dollar volume may be used
Anticipated engineering changes
Delivery problems
Quality problems
High unit cost
Sure, why not.

10. Record Accuracy
Accurate records are a critical ingredient in production and inventory systems
Allows organization to focus on what is needed
Necessary to make precise decisions about ordering, scheduling, and shipping
Incoming and outgoing record keeping must be accurate
Stockrooms should be secure
Losses may come from pilferage
How do you think the accuracy issue is tackled? Can we use technology to help us?
Pilferage is defined as “a small amount of theft” – either from insiders (employees) or outsiders.

11. Independent Versus Dependent Demand
Independent demand - the demand for item is independent of the demand for any other item in inventory
Dependent demand - the demand for item is dependent upon the demand for some other item in the inventory
Examples of each?

12. Inventory Costs
Holding cost - the cost of holding or “carrying” inventory over time
Ordering cost - the cost of placing an order and receiving goods
Setup cost - cost to prepare a machine or process for manufacturing an order
Shortage cost – temporary or permanent loss of sales when demand cannot be met
Holding costs are the same thing as carrying costs!
Setup costs is generally highly correlated to setup time.

13. Cost (and Range) as a Percent of Inventory Value
Holding Costs
Category
Cost (and Range) as a Percent of Inventory Value
Housing costs (including rent or depreciation, operating costs, taxes, insurance)
6% (3 - 10%)
Material handling costs (equipment lease or depreciation, power, operating cost)
3% ( %)
Labor cost
3% (3 - 5%)
Investment costs (borrowing costs, taxes, and insurance on inventory)
11% (6 - 24%)
Pilferage, space, and obsolescence
3% (2 - 5%)
Overall carrying cost
26%
Table 12.1

14. Inventory Models for Independent Demand
Need to determine when and how much to order
Basic economic order quantity
Production order quantity
Quantity discount model

15. Basic EOQ Model Important assumptions
Demand is known, constant, and independent
Lead time is known and constant
Receipt of inventory is instantaneous and complete
Quantity discounts are not possible
Only variable costs are setup and holding
Stockouts can be completely avoided / No shortages allowed

16. Inventory Usage Over Time
Inventory level
Time
Average inventory on hand Q 2
Usage rate
Order quantity = Q (maximum inventory level)
Minimum inventory
Figure 12.3

17. Minimizing Costs Objective is to minimize total costs
Annual cost
Order quantity
Curve for total cost of holding and setup
Setup (or order) cost curve
Minimum total cost
Optimal order quantity
Holding cost curve
Table 11.5

18. Number of units in each order Setup or order cost per order
The EOQ Model
Annual setup cost = S D Q
Q = Number of pieces per order
Q* = Optimal number of pieces per order (EOQ)
D = Annual demand in units for the Inventory item
S = Setup or ordering cost for each order
H = Holding or carrying cost per unit per year
Annual setup cost = (Number of orders placed per year)
x (Setup or order cost per order)
Annual demand
Number of units in each order
Setup or order cost per order =
= (S) D Q

19. The EOQ Model Q = Number of pieces per order
Annual setup cost = S D Q
Annual holding cost = H Q 2
Q = Number of pieces per order
Q* = Optimal number of pieces per order (EOQ)
D = Annual demand in units for the Inventory item
S = Setup or ordering cost for each order
H = Holding or carrying cost per unit per year
Annual holding cost = (Average inventory level)
x (Holding cost per unit per year)
Order quantity 2
= (Holding cost per unit per year)
= (H) Q 2

20. The EOQ Model 2DS = Q2H Q2 = 2DS/H Q* = 2DS/H
Annual setup cost = S D Q
Annual holding cost = H Q 2
Q = Number of pieces per order
Q* = Optimal number of pieces per order (EOQ)
D = Annual demand in units for the Inventory item
S = Setup or ordering cost for each order
H = Holding or carrying cost per unit per year
Optimal order quantity is found when annual setup cost equals annual holding cost D Q
S = H 2
Solving for Q*
2DS = Q2H
Q2 = 2DS/H
Q* = 2DS/H

21. An EOQ Example Q* = 2DS H Q* = 2(1,000)(10) 0.50 = 40,000 = 200 units
Determine optimal number of needles to order
D = 1,000 units
S = $10 per order
H = $.50 per unit per year
Q* =
2DS H
Q* =
2(1,000)(10)
0.50
= 40,000 = 200 units

22. Expected number of orders
An EOQ Example
Determine optimal number of needles to order
D = 1,000 units Q* = 200 units
S = $10 per order
H = $.50 per unit per year
= N = =
Expected number of orders
Demand
Order quantity D Q*
N = = 5 orders per year
1,000
200

23. Expected time between orders Number of working days per year
An EOQ Example
Determine optimal number of needles to order
D = 1,000 units Q* = 200 units
S = $10 per order N = 5 orders per year
H = $.50 per unit per year
= T =
Expected time between orders
Number of working days per year N
T = = 50 days between orders
250 5

24. An EOQ Example Determine optimal number of needles to order
D = 1,000 units Q* = 200 units
S = $10 per order N = 5 orders per year
H = $.50 per unit per year T = 50 days
Total annual cost = Setup cost + Holding cost
TC = S H D Q 2
TC = ($10) ($.50)
1,000
200 2
TC = (5)($10) + (100)($.50) = $50 + $50 = $100