1. Clupeid and Gadoid Fisheries
Clupeids
Sardines
Herrings
Anchovies
Gadoids
Haddock
Hake
Pollock
Cod, Cod, Cod, and Cod

2. Clupeid and Gadoid Fisheries
Clupeids
Sardines
Herrings
Anchovies
Gadoids
Haddock
Hake
Pollock
Cod, Cod, Cod, and Cod

3. Clupeid and Gadoid Fisheries
Clupeids
Sardines
Herrings
Anchovies
Gadoids
Haddock
Hake
Pollock
Cod, Cod, Cod, and Cod

4. Clupeids and Gadoids are r-selected
rate of change =

5. sardines
whales

6. Sardinops melanostictus
Japanese Pilchard
Sardinops melanostictus
~ 20 cm length

7. Geographical distribution of the four subpopulations of Japanese pilchards and annual catch by region from 1972 to Numbers in circles are catch in thousands of tonnes.

8. Commercial catch of Japanese pilchards

9. Kuroshio Current A. 1964-1971 Poor Nutrient Supply
C Excellent Nutrient Supply
B Adequate Nutrient Supply

10. Commercial catch of Japanese pilchards

12. Survival of young Japanese pilchards from eggs to post-larvae at an age of ten weeks.

13. Atlantic Herring
Clupea harengus
~ 25 cm length

14. Migration routes of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring.

15. Commercial catch, recruitment of 3-year old fish, and spawning biomass of Norwegian spring spawning herring.

16. Percentage contribution of year classes of Norwegian spring spawn herring to the adult stock from 1954 through The very good year class of 1950 began first appearing in significant numbers in 1954 and dominated the adult stock throughout this period.

17. Migration routes of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring during the period 1963-1966.

18. Growth curves of Norewgian spring-spawning herring during various periods of time.

19. (A) Catch of North Sea herring and (B) spawning stock biomass of the autumn spawning herring. The dashed line in panel B is the target spawning stock of 1.3 Mt recommended by the ICES.

20. Pacific Herring
Clupea pallasii
~ 25 cm length

21. The location of the nine major populations of British Columbia herring.
Clupea pallasii

22. Drum seining was developed mainly for small vessels fishing for salmon in river estuaries, bays and creeks on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska. These seiners have usually the bridge and accommodation placed forward. Echo-sounder and sonar are used to locate schools of target species. Drum and a seine skiff are used during the fishing operations. The drum is mounted on the stern of the vessel. Vessels fitted with drums range from 19 to 22 m in length.

23. Time series of British Columbia herring catch

24. Atlantic Cod
Gadus morhua
~ 100 cm length

25. Commercial cod landings in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean

26. Commercial catches of cod in the North Sea

27. Harvest of sexually immature fish
Over capitalization
Habitat destruction
Recruitment overfishing
Closure of fishery
Japanese pilchards
Norwegian spring-spawning herring 
Canadian Pacific herring
Canadian Atlantic cod
N. Sea cod
N. Sea herring

28. A Couple of Success Stories: Thank Cod!
Iceland
Background
Expanding EEZs
Cod Wars!
Diversification
Alaska
Pollock
Lessons Learned?

29. Background Location Recent History
Iceland
Background
Location
Recent History

31. Iceland Recent History A Poor Colony Until WWII
Independence from Denmark
Application of Technology to Fishing
Marine Resources as Step to the Future

32. Iceland Expansion of Icelandic EEZ 1832: “EEZs” set at 3 miles
1950: Iceland claims 4 miles
1958: Iceland claims 12 miles
1972: Iceland claims 50 miles
1975: Iceland claims 200 miles

33. Iceland Cod Wars! 1958: Great Britain - 37 Royal Navy Ships
Iceland - 7 Coast Guard Ships
1972: Iceland vs. Britain and Germany
Trawl-cutting, Ramming, Shots
1975: More of the same
“The English are our best enemies”
“You’ll go to a 200-mile EEZ soon, and we Icelanders will advise you
on how to do it.”

34. Iceland Diversification Expanding EEZ not done simply for the cod
Exploitation of the resource a step to the
future
Development of geothermal resources
Development of biotechnology
Development of a very high standard of living

35. Theragro chalcagramma
Alaska Pollock
Theragro chalcagramma
~ 80 cm length

36. Alaska Pollock Timeline: 1970s - 1980s - Mostly Foreign Fleets
US 200-mile EEZ established
Gulf of Alaska Groundfish Management Plan
US Fishing and Processing Capacity
Adequate to Phase Out Foreign Fleets

39. Cod and the 200-Mile EEZ
Canada - Cod as the only resource, fishing seen as the employer of (first and) last resort
Iceland - Cod as a primary resource, fishing seen as of vital national importance in a larger context
Alaska - Learned the lessons of both?

40. Here’s Something to Worry About
Clupeids and Gadoids are
r-selected species.
What happens when we exploit
K-selected populations?

41. Some Resources
Fisheries Mismanagement: The Case of the North Atlantic Cod
Rognvaldur Hannesson, 1996
Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World
Mark Kurlansky, 1997

42. Some Resources
SustainableFisheries.pdf