1. Finding Entities

2. What is an Entity
An entity is a person, place, object, event, or concept about which the organization wishes to record data.
Entities should be things that are readily recognized by anyone working in the enterprise.

3. Some Entity Rules An Entity 1. Must be within the scope of the system
2. Must have at least one non-key attribute

4. Where to Begin
To begin, we must have some form of information that we can use in our analysis.
Collect information about the major business functions and processes.
We can use questionnaires, interviews, observations etc.

5. Where to Begin
Another good source of information for data modeling can be obtained by collecting any forms that are used by the enterprise.
These forms provide valuable information on what data is important to the enterprise and how it is grouped.
In an academic environment our job can be very much simplified. We are normally provided with a “Case Study” that contains a concise statement of the business processes we are to model. Using this case study we can proceed to identify the entities that we will need to model. However, in the real world, we will need to spend some time gathering facts and distilling these facts into the primary information and processes that need to be modeled.

6. Where to Begin
Once we have a concise picture of the processes we are going to model, we can begin the iterative process of finding the entities that are necessary to support the enterprise.

7. The Steps Involved 1. Identify the system information
a. User interviews
b. Paper and screen documents
c. Previous system documentation

8. The Steps Involved 2. Identify entities
a. Analysis of English grammar -->
Entity-Relationship Diagrams
b. Heuristics
c. Normalization process

9. Analyze the Grammer
Using the table on the next slide, find the entities, attributes and relationships from the description and other information we have gathered about the enterprise.

10. Use this table to start English (If the word is a)
ERD (On the ERD we will show)
Proper Noun
Entity (“Name” of an Entity)
Common Noun
Entity or Entity-Type
Transitive Verb
M-ary Relation (M>1)
Intransitive Verb
Unary Relationship or Attribute Value
Adjective
Attribute of an Entity
Adverb
Attribute of a Relationship

11. Sentence Restructuring
Next we do some sentence restructuring:
Convert any sentence in the following form:
“There are X in Y”
into
“Y has X”

12. Sentence Restructuring Example
“There are more than 200 employees in every department.”
“Every department has more than 200 employees.” X Y X Y

13. More Restructuring If the English sentence says, “The X of Y is Z”
Y is an Entity
X is either an Attribute or an Entity,
depending on what type of “Z” it is.
If “Z” is a proper noun, then X is a
Relationship between Y and Z
Otherwise, X is an Attribute of Y

14. More Examples (x) (y) (z) (x) (y) (z)
The birthdate of the student is 10/22/71.
(x) (y) (z)
Attribute Entity not a proper noun
The advisor of John Smith is Dr. Greene.
(x) (y) (z)
Relationship Entity Proper noun

15. Candidate Entities
The preceeding steps have provided a list of Candidate Entities. Now we need to apply a few more rules to ensure we have only those entities that are essential to the enterprise.

16. Paring Down the List
First, eliminate any duplicate entities. These can be entities with different names but representing the same thing. For example Patron and Customer. These may both represent the same entity.
Second, eliminate and entities that are not important to the enterprise. This may require some analysis and work with the user/end customer.

17. Now add some Heuristics
When is an entity an entity?
Any entity with only one evident instance (e.g. The National Basketball League, NHL, NFL etc.) is not a ‘good’ entity because it is modeling business context or the business itself.
If one ENTITY is in the center of everything and is connected to everything else it is probably the view point or context rather than an entity.

18. Finely Remember that eventually:
entities become Tables in a relational database, with
attributes become as columns in the table
table cells contain the allowed value for a given attribute instance