1. © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Chapter Six

2. 6.1 Key Concepts and Skills  Be able to compute the future value of multiple cash flows  Be able to compute the present value of multiple cash flows  Be able to compute loan payments  Be able to find the interest rate on a loan  Understand how loans are amortized or paid off  Understand how interest rates are quoted

3. 6.2 Chapter Outline  Future and Present Values of Multiple Cash Flows  Valuing Level Cash Flows: Annuities and Perpetuities  Comparing Rates: The Effect of Compounding  Loan Types and Loan Amortization

4. 6.3 Multiple Cash Flows 6.1 – FV Example 1  You currently have $7,000 in a bank account earning 8% interest. You think you will be able to deposit an additional $4,000 at the end of each of the next three years. How much will you have in three years? 4,000.00 7,0004,000 8,817.98 4,665.60 4,320.00 $21,803.58 1230

5. 6.4 Multiple Cash Flows – FV Example 2  Suppose you invest $500 in a mutual fund today and $600 in one year. If the fund pays 9% annually, how much will you have in two years? 500600 594.05 654.00 $1,248.05 012 9%

6. 6.5 Multiple Cash Flows – FV Example 2 Continued  Using the cash flows from the previous page, how much will you have at the end of 5 years, if you were to make no further deposits? 500600 769.31 846.95 $ 1,616.26 123045 9%

7. 6.6 Multiple Cash Flows – FV Example 3  Suppose you plan to deposit $100 into an account in one year and $300 into the account in three years. How much will be in the account in five years if the interest rate is 8%? 100300 349.92 136.05 $ 485.97 123045 8%

8. 6.7 Multiple Cash Flows – PV Example 1  You are offered an investment that will pay you $200 in one year, $400 the next year, $600 the year after, and $800 at the end of the following year. You can earn 12% on similar investments. How much is this investment worth today? 200 12304 400600800 12% 178.57 318.88 427.07 508.41 1,432.93

9. 6.8 Multiple Cash Flows – PV Example 2  You are considering an investment that will pay you $1000 in one year, $2000 in two years and $3000 in three years. If you want to earn 10% on your money, how much would you be willing to pay? Answer: $4,815.93

10. 6.9 Multiple Cash Flows Using a Spreadsheet  You can use the PV or FV functions in Excel to find the present value or future value of a set of cash flows  Setting the data up is half the battle – if it is set up properly, then you can just copy the formulas  Click on the Excel icon for an example

11. 6.10 Uneven Cash Flows – Using the Calculator  Another way to use the financial calculator for uneven cash flows is to use the cash flow keys  HP 10BII  Enter the first cash flow, using the +/- keys to indicate outflows  Press CF  Enter the second cash flow  Press CF  Enter the interest rate as I/Y  Use the 2 nd function, then the NPV key to compute the present value  To clear this function, use 2 nd function, Clear All

12. 6.11 Decisions, Decisions  Your broker calls you and tells you that he has this great investment opportunity. If you invest $100 today, you will receive $40 in one year and $75 in two years. If you require a 15% return on investments of this risk, should you take the investment?  Use the CF keys to compute the value of the investment 100 +/-CF 40CF 75CF 15I/Y 2 nd NPV-8.51 Reject: NPV < 0 Note: NPV (Net Present Value) is the addition to, or the destruction of, wealth that occurs from undertaking an investment. If NPV is positive, you create wealth. If NPV is negative, you destroy wealth. Therefore, the decision rule is to accept only projects with an NPV > 0

13. 6.12 Quick Quiz – Part I  Suppose you are looking at the following possible cash flows:  Year 1 CF = $100;  Years 2 and 3 CFs = $200;  Years 4 and 5 CFs = $300.  The required discount rate is 7%  What is the value of the cash flows at year 5?  What is the value of the cash flows today?  What is the value of the cash flows at year 3?

14. 6.13 Annuities and Perpetuities 6.2  Annuity – finite series of equal payments that occur at regular intervals  If the first payment occurs at the end of the period, it is called an ordinary annuity  If the first payment occurs at the beginning of the period, it is called an annuity due  Perpetuity – infinite series of equal payments

15. 6.14 Annuities – Basic Formulas  Annuities: Where: PV = Present Value FV = Future Value C = the equal periodic cash flow R = interest or discount rate t = the number of time periods

16. 6.15 Ordinary Annuities Versus Annuities Due  Ordinary Annuity – first payment occurs at time period 1  Annuity Due – first payment occurs at time period 0

17. 6.16 Annuities and the Calculator  To solve any annuity type problem using the function keys, you must use the PMT key  Only use the PMT key when each cash flow is exactly the same size and occurs at regular intervals  Ordinary annuity versus annuity due  To switch the calculator between an ordinary annuity and an annuity due, enter 2 nd BGN (HP 10BII)  If you see “BGN” or “Begin” in the display of your calculator, you have it set for an annuity due  Most problems are ordinary annuities

18. 6.17 Annuity – Example 1  After carefully going over your budget, you have determined that you can afford to pay $632 per month towards a new sports car. Your bank will lend to you at 1% per month for 48 months. How much can you borrow?  Formula Approach Calculator Approach 632PMT 0FV 48N 1I/Y PV$23,999.54

19. 6.18 Annuity – Sweepstakes Example  Suppose you win the Publishers Clearinghouse $10 million sweepstakes. The money is paid in equal annual installments of $333,333.33 over 30 years. If the appropriate discount rate is 5%, how much is the sweepstakes actually worth today? Formula Approach Calculator Approach 333,333.33PMT 0FV 30N 5I PV$5,124,150.29

20. 6.19 Annuities on the Spreadsheet - Example  The present value and future value formulas in a spreadsheet include a place for annuity payments  Click on the Excel icon to see an example

21. 6.20 Quick Quiz – Part II  You know the payment amount for a loan and you want to know how much was borrowed. Do you compute a present value or a future value?  You want to receive $5,000 per month in retirement. If you expect to earn 9 per year, compounded monthly and you expect to need the income for 25 years, how much do you need to have in your account at retirement?

22. 6.21 Finding the Payment  Suppose you want to borrow $20,000 for a new car. You can borrow at 8% per year, compounded monthly (8%/12 = 0.66667% per month). If you take a 4 year loan, what is your monthly payment? Formula Approach Calculator Approach 20,000PV 0FV 4 x 12 =N 8 ÷ 12 =I PMT $488.26

23. 6.22 Finding the Payment on a Spreadsheet  Another TVM formula that can be found in a spreadsheet is the payment formula  PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv)  The same sign convention holds as for the PV and FV formulas  Click on the Excel icon for an example

24. 6.23 Finding the Number of Payments – Example 1  You ran a little short on your February vacation, so you put $1,000 on your credit card. You can only afford to make the minimum payment of $20 per month. The interest rate on the credit card is 1.5% per month. How long will you need to pay off the $1,000?

25. 6.24 Finding the Number of Payments – Example 1  Formula Approach  Start with the basic annuity formula and solve for the unknown exponent t, using logs. Calculator Approach 1,000PV 0FV 20 +/- PMT 1.5I N 93.11 months

26. 6.25 Finding the Number of Payments – Example 2  Suppose you borrow $2000 at 5% and you are going to make annual payments of $734.42. How long before you pay off the loan? Calculator Approach 2,000PV 0FV 734.42 +/- PMT 5 I N 3 years

27. 6.26 Finding the Rate On the Financial Calculator  Suppose you borrow $10,000 from your parents to buy a car. You agree to pay $207.58 per month for 60 months. What is the monthly interest rate? Calculator Approach 10,000PV 0FV 207.58 +/- PMT 60 N I 0.7499% per month

28. 6.27 Annuity – Finding the Rate Without a Financial Calculator  Trial and Error Process  Choose an interest rate and compute the PV of the payments based on this rate  Compare the computed PV with the actual loan amount  If the computed PV > loan amount, then the interest rate is too low  If the computed PV < loan amount, then the interest rate is too high  Adjust the rate and repeat the process until the computed PV and the loan amount are equal

29. 6.28 Quick Quiz – Part III  You want to receive $5000 per month for the next 5 years. How much would you need to deposit today if you can earn 0.75% per month?  What monthly rate would you need to earn if you only have $200,000 to deposit?  Suppose you have $200,000 to deposit and can earn 0.75% per month.  How many months could you receive the $5000 payment?  How much could you receive every month for 5 years?

30. 6.29 Future Values for Annuities – Example 1  Suppose you begin saving for your retirement by depositing $2000 per year in an RRSP. If the interest rate is 7.5%, how much will you have in 40 years? Formula Approach Calculator Approach 2,000 PMT 0PV 40 N 7.5I FV$454,513.04

31. 6.30 Annuity Due – Example 1  You are saving for a new house and you put $10,000 per year in an account paying 8% compounded annually. The first payment is made today. How much will you have at the end of 3 years? Formula Approach Calculator Approach 2 nd BGN 10,000 PMT 0PV 3 N 8I FV$35,061.12

32. 6.31 Perpetuity  Perpetuity: A stream of cash flows that continues forever Where: PV = Present Value C = the equal periodic cash flow, starting at time period 1 r = discount rate

33. 6.32 Perpetuity – Example 1  The Home Bank of Canada want to sell preferred stock at $100 per share. A very similar issue of preferred stock already outstanding has a price of $40 per share and offers a dividend of $1 every quarter. What dividend would the Home Bank have to offer if its preferred stock is going to sell?

34. 6.33 Perpetuity – Example 1 continued  First, find the required return for the comparable issue:  Then, using the required return found above, find the dividend for new preferred issue:

35. 6.34 Growing Perpetuity  The perpetuities discussed so far are annuities with constant payments  Growing perpetuities have cash flows that grow at a constant rate and continue forever  Growing perpetuity formula:

36. 6.35 Growing Perpetuity – Example 1  Hoffstein Corporation is expected to pay a dividend of $3 per share next year. Investors anticipate that the annual dividend will rise by 6% per year forever. The required rate of return is 11%. What is the price of the stock today?

37. 6.36 Growing Annuity  Growing annuities have a finite number of cash flows, which grow at a constant rate  The formula for a growing annuity is:

38. 6.37 Growing Annuity – Example 1  Gilles Lebouder has just been offered a job paying $50,000 at the end of his first year. He anticipates his salary will then increase by 5% a year until his retirement in 40 years. Given an interest rate of 8%, what is the present value of his lifetime salary?

39. 6.38 Quick Quiz – Part IV  You want to have $1 million to use for retirement in 35 years. If you can earn 1% per month, how much do you need to deposit on a monthly basis if the first payment is made in one month?  What if the first payment is made today?  You are considering preferred stock that pays a quarterly dividend of $1.50. If your desired return is 3% per quarter, how much would you be willing to pay?

40. 6.39 Work the Web Example  Another online financial calculator can be found at MoneyChimp  Click on the web surfer and work the following example  Choose calculator and then annuity  You just inherited $5 million. If you can earn 6% on your money, how much can you withdraw each year for the next 40 years?  Datachimp assumes an annuity due!!!  Payment = $313,497.81

41. 6.40 Effective Annual Rate (EAR) 6.3  The Effective Annual Interest Rate is the actual rate paid (or received) after accounting for compounding that occurs during the year  For example, 10% compounded twice a year has an EAR of 10.25%. This means that 10%, compounded twice a year, is identical to 10.25%, compounded annually.  If you want to compare two alternative investments with different compounding periods, you need to compute the EAR for both investments and then compare the EAR’s.

42. 6.41 Annual Percentage Rate (Nominal Rate)  This is the annual rate that is quoted by law  By definition, the nominal rate or APR = period rate times the number of periods per year  Consequently, to get the period rate we rearrange the APR equation:  Period rate = APR / number of periods per year  You should NEVER divide the effective rate by the number of periods per year – it will NOT give you the period rate

43. 6.42 Computing APRs (Nominal Interest Rate)  What is the APR if the monthly rate is.5%? .5(12) = 6%  What is the APR if the semiannual rate is.5%? .5(2) = 1%  What is the monthly rate if the APR is 12% with monthly compounding?  12 / 12 = 1%

44. 6.43 Things to Remember  You ALWAYS need to make sure that the compounding period and the payment period match.  If payments are annual, then you use annual compounding.  If payments are monthly, then you use monthly compounding

45. 6.44 Calculating EARs – Example 1  To calculate the EAR, use the following formula:  For example, the EAR for 10% is: Compounding PeriodsEAR 210.25% 410.3813% 1210.4713% 5210.5065% 36510.5156%

46. 6.45 Decisions, Decisions II  You are comparing two savings accounts. One pays 5.25%, compounded daily. The other pays 5.3%, compounded semi-annually. Which account would you use?  First account:  EAR = (1 +.0525/365) 365 – 1 = 5.39%  Second account:  EAR = (1 +.053/2) 2 – 1 = 5.37%  You should choose the first account (the account that compounds daily), because you are earning a higher effective interest rate.

47. 6.46 Decisions, Decisions II Continued  Let’s verify the choice. Suppose you invest $100 in each account. How much will you have in each account in one year?  First Account:  Daily rate =.0525 / 365 =.00014383562  FV = 100(1.00014383562) 365 = 105.39, OR,  365 N; 5.25 / 365 =.014383562 I/Y; 100 PV; CPT FV = 105.39  Second Account:  Semiannual rate =.053 / 2 =.0265  FV = 100(1.0265) 2 = 105.37, OR,  2 N; 5.3 / 2 = 2.65 I/Y; 100 PV; CPT FV = 105.37  You have more money in the first account.

48. 6.47 Computing APRs from EARs  If you have an effective rate, how can you compute the APR? Rearrange the EAR equation and you get:

49. 6.48 APR – Example 1  Suppose you want to earn an effective rate of 12% and you are looking at an account that compounds on a monthly basis. What APR must they pay?

50. 6.49 Computing Payments with APRs – Example 1  Suppose you want to buy a new computer system and the store is willing to allow you to make monthly payments. The entire computer system costs $3500. The loan period is for 2 years and the interest rate is 16.9% with monthly compounding. What is your monthly payment?  Formula Approach Calculator Approach 3,500 PV 0FV 2 x 12 = N 16.9 ÷ 12 =I PMT$172.88

51. 6.50 Future Values with Monthly Compounding  Suppose you deposit $50 a month into an account that has an APR of 9%, based on monthly compounding. How much will you have in the account in 35 years? Formula Approach Calculator Approach 50 PMT 0PV 35 x 12 = N 9 ÷ 12 =I FV$147,089.22

52. 6.51 Mortgages  In Canada, financial institutions are required by law to quote mortgage rates with semi-annual compounding  Since most people pay their mortgage either monthly (12 payments per year), semi-monthly (24 payments), bi-weekly (26 payments), or weekly (52 payments), you need to remember to convert the interest rate before calculating the mortgage payment!  Remember, the payment period and the compounding period must always be the same.

53. 6.52 The Three Step Process  Whenever you are faced with a situation when the payment period and the compounding period are not equal, you can apply the Three Step Process to solve the problem.  Step #1: Calculate the Effective Annual Interest Rate, using the number of compounding periods per year  Step #2: Calculate a new notional nominal rate (APR), using the number of payment periods per year  Step #3: Calculate the per period interest rate by dividing the answer from Step #2 by the number of payments per year

54. 6.53 Mortgages – Example 1  Theodore D. Kat is applying to his friendly, neighbourhood bank for a mortgage of $200,000. The bank is quoting 6%. He would like to have a 25- year amortization period and wants to make payments monthly. How much are Theodore’s monthly payments?

55. 6.54 Mortgage – Example 1  Step #1: Calculate EAR  Step #2: Calculate the new notional nominal rate

56. 6.55 Mortgage – Example 1  Step #3: Calculate the monthly interest rate by dividing the answer from Step #2 by the number of payments per year

57. 6.56 Mortgage – Example 1  Complete the problem by solving for the monthly payment, using the annuity formula  Formula Approach Calculator Approach 200,000PV 0FV 25 x 12 = N 0.4938622I PMT$1,279.61

58. 6.57 Continuous Compounding  Sometimes investments or loans are calculated based on continuous compounding  EAR = e r – 1  e is the base of the natural logarithms, equal to 2.7183 (although it is actually a non-terminating, non-repeating decimal)  e is shown on most calculators e x  Example: What is the effective annual rate of 7% compounded continuously?  EAR = e.07 – 1 =.0725 or 7.25%

59. 6.58 Quick Quiz – Part V  What is the definition of an APR or nominal rate?  What is the effective annual rate?  Which rate should you use to compare alternative investments or loans?

60. 6.59 Work the Web Example  There are web sites available that can easily provide you with information on home buying and mortgages  Click on the web surfer to check out the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation site

61. 6.60 Summary 6.5  You should know how to:  Calculate PV and FV of multiple cash flows  Calculate payments  Calculate PV and FV of regular annuities, annuities due, growing annuities, perpetuities, and growing perpetuities  Calculate EAR’s and effective rates  Calculate mortgage payments