1. IB Business & Management – A Course Companion (2009), p165-178
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS
IB Business & Management – A Course Companion (2009), p

2. FINAL ACCOUNTS
Final accounts are financial statements that inform stakeholders about the financial profile and performance of the business. There are various accounts including:
The Trading Account: this covers sales revenue, the cost of buying stock and gross profit.
The Profit & Loss Account: Most features of the trading account, plus all other expenses, taxes and interest paid, net profit and the appropriation of funds.
Balance Sheet: this covers what the business owns (assets) what it owes other people (liabilities) and how it has funded this situation (the capital employed) – its net assets (assets less liabilities).

3. The Trading Account - Example
The trading or manufacturing account looks at the cost of production. It is possible to determine how efficient this side of the business operation is. Note that labour costs in making the goods could also be included as a cost of sales.
CORPX LIMITED
$000
Sales Revenue
1500
Opening Stock
(at start of year)
340
Additional Purchases
(during the year)
950
Less Closing Stock
(as at the end of the year)
(290)
Cost of Sales
1000
Gross Profit
(or contribution)
500

4. The Trading Account - Example
In the CorpX example, gross profit $500,000, represents about 33.3% of sales revenue or to put it another way, cost of sales is 66.5% of revenue.
Fore every $1 of revenue, 66 cents goes on costs and that leaves 34 cents as gross profit.
CorpX would compare this with previous years figures and also with competitors results as a way of gauging its production efficiency.

5. The Profit & Loss Account
The Profit & Loss account presents the sales revenue of the company for a given period of time.
It also shows the related costs in making that sales revenue and finally its shows how the resulting profit is used or `appropriated`.

6. PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT FOR THE CORP-X FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST MAY 2008
$000
Sales Revenue
(money received from cash/credit sales)
1,500
Costs of Sales
(cost of buying-making- the actual good/service we sell)
1,000
Gross Profit
500
Expenses
(electricity, phone, wages, rents, advertising, etc)
250
Net Profit before interest & tax
Interest 15
Tax 45
Net Profit after interest and tax
190
Dividends (share of company profits paid to shareholders) 95
Retained Profit

7. The Appropriation Account
The appropriation account is part of the profit & loss account and examines how the profit is distributed or appropriated. There are four use of profit:
Interest payable to lenders
Corporate tax owed to the Government
Dividends for shareholders
Retained Profits – what isn’t given out can remain in the business for future investment needs.

8. The Appropriation Account How profits are used:
The first two uses of profits (taxes & interest payable to lenders) are usually non-negotiable.
However, how much to give to shareholders and how much should be retained for investment or expansion can be determined by the business every year and will vary.
When the business has made very small profits there may be no dividend payments to shareholders.

9. CALCULATION EXERCISE – THE PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT
$000
Sales Revenue
(money received from cash/credit sales)
3,000
Costs of Sales
(cost of buying-making- the actual good/service we sell) ?
Gross Profit
1500
Expenses
(electricity, phone, wages, rents, advertising, etc)
Net Profit before interest & tax
455
Interest
155
Tax
120
Net Profit after interest and tax
Dividends (share of company profits paid to shareholders) 80
Retained Profit

10. The Balance Sheet
The Balance Sheet tells us on a specific day what the business owns (assets) and what it owes others (liabilities) and what are the net assets (assets – liabilities)
It also tells us how the next assets were funded, or in other words, what the capital employed is.
The capital employed will always equal the net assets, and this helps to explain why the account is called a balance sheet.

11. The Balance Sheet
The Balance Sheet also gives an indication of the worth or value of a business on particular day.
However, the value is a very approximate estimation of value, because, after all, the worth of a business depends on what a buyer is prepared to pay and in many cases this is well in excess of the net value as presented in the accounts.

12. BALANCE SHEET TERMS Fixed Assets or Non Current Assets
These are long term assets and remain in the business for more than 1 year. This could include:
equipment
cars or delivery vehicles
fixtures and fittings
land & or premises (if owned by the business)
patents & brands (known as intangible assets because we cannot hold them)

13. BALANCE SHEET TERMS Current Assets
These are assets that remain in the business for up to one year, hence `current`.
This includes:
inventory (stock),
debtors (people who owe us money)
cash
These are all transitory items and are part of the
working capital cycle.

14. BALANCE SHEET TERMS Current Liabilities
These are the short-term debts that the business owes, that are payable within one year. This could includes:
creditors (people we owe money to – goods & services we have purchased on credit from other companies)
bank overdraft (money owned to the bank for short term borrowing)
short term borrowing

15. BALANCE SHEET TERMS Non Current Liabilities
These are long term debts that the business owes. They are repayable over many years, perhaps, 5, 10, 15 or 30 years. It includes:
long term borrowing (a bank lent us money to buy the premises, a motor vehicle or some other significant assets).
NOTE: In the IB Accounting framework, Non Current
Liabilities are not identified under Liabilities section.
Rather the term Loan Capital is used under Share Capital.

16. BALANCE SHEET TERMS Share Capital
This is money invested in the business by the shareholders and will include the original start-up funding and any subsequent investment by shareholders, perhaps for an acquisition or for purchasing new premises.
Note: This has nothing do with the buying and selling of existing shares on the stock market, which brings no additional capital into the business.

17. BALANCE SHEET TERMS Loan Capital
This is the long term finance (for more than 1 year) from a bank or other lender.
Loan capital is not a negative thing for a business.
It helps share the burden and risks of funding the business.
However, interest payments will take a share of the profit.

18. BALANCE SHEET TERMS Retained Profit
This is the profit over the years that has remained in the business and has been used to fund its development.
Retained profit will be represented in the other half of the balance in an asset category such as land and buildings, equipment or even cash.

19. CORP X BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST MAY 2008 $000 Fixed Assets 1500
Current Assets
Stock / Inventory 32
Debtors 60
Cash 5
Total 97
Current Liabilities
Creditors 37
Short –Term Borrowing 8
(45)
Net Assets
1552
Share Capital
1000
Loan Capital
350
Retained Profit
202
Capital Employed
CORP X
BALANCE
SHEET
AS AT 31ST
MAY 2008

20. How are accounts used by stakeholders? SHAREHOLDERS
Accounts inform shareholders of how efficient the organization is at investing their capital and making a good return.
Shareholders would look at the profitability and the level of dividends.
They would also be interested in how safe their investment is or if the investment is likely to fail.
The role of directors and whether or not they are performing would be issue. The directors may need to be replaced or re-incentivized.

21. How are accounts used by stakeholders? DIRECTORS, MANAGERS & EMPLOYEES
Accounts inform these people about the financial viability of their employer and it may be useful to them or their trade unions to have profit figures when negotiating salary changes.

22. How are accounts used by stakeholders? CUSTOMERS
Some customers are highly dependent on their supplier. If the supplier struggles so might they.
By reviewing the accounts customers can appreciate whether their supplier is in trouble and what the effects might be on them.
They might also be able to use this information to negotiate better discounts from their supplier or simply move to someone else to safeguard supply of materials.

23. How are accounts used by stakeholders? SUPPLIERS
Suppliers can check up on the financial profile of customers and use to negotiate better terms.
Eg: A supplier might not have realized that it was such a significant supplier for a particular business and yet the supplier has always had to wait 90 days for payment.

24. How are accounts used by stakeholders? CITIZENS OR RESIDENTS
Citizens can use this information to better understand the financial strength or weakness or the local business.
They might be interested in questions such as:
Is the business likely to close and leave a lot of people out of work?
Is it performing well and so able to support local community projects and charities?
What expansion plans are likely and will they, for example, bring any noise or other environmental problems?

25. How are accounts used by stakeholders? COMPETITORS
Businesses will use published accounts to try and see how well their competitors are doing.
Are competitors struggling or are their sales rising more quickly than their rivals?

26. How are accounts used by stakeholders? BANKERS
They will want to know how safe their loans are and that the business can continue to pay both the interest and capital back.