1. Summary of Metabolism

2. Basic Strategies of Catabolic Metabolism
Generate ATP
Generate reducing power
Generate building blocks for biosynthesis

3. ATP Universal currency of energy High phosphoryl-transfer potential
ATP hydrolysis drives reactions by changing the equilibrium of coupled reactions by a factor of 108
Generated from the oxidation of fuel molecules

4. Reducing Power
Oxidation of fuel molecules generates NADH for mitochondrial ETC
NADPH is generated for reducing power for biosynthetic processes
Pentose phosphate pathway is the major source of NADPH

5. Biomolecules
Large number of diverse macromolecules are synthesized from a small number of building blocks.
Carbon skeletons from generated from the oxidation of macromolecules provide the building blocks for biosynthetic pathways.
Central metabolic pathways have anabolic as well as catabolic roles.

7. Relationships between catabolic and anabolic processes
The pathway leading to the biosynthesis of a compound are distinct from the pathway leading to its breakdown
This separation ensure that the processes are thermodynamically favorable in both directions
Allows for reciprocal regulation

9. Themes in Metabolic Regulation
Allosteric regulation
Covalent modification
Control of enzyme levels
Compartmentalization
Metabolic specialization of organs

10. Allosteric regulation
Typically associated with enzymes that catalyze irreversible reactions
Allosteric regulators can cause feed back or feedforward regualtion
Allosteric regulators are often related to the energy state of the cell
This type of regulation allows for immediate response to changes in metabolic flux (milliseconds to seconds)
Functions at local level

11. Covalent Modification
Covalent modification of last step in signal transduction pathway
Allows pathway to be rapidly up or down regulated by small amounts of triggering signal (HORMONES)
Last longer than do allosteric regulation (seconds to minutes)
Functions at whole body level

12. Enzyme Levels Amount of enzyme determines rates of activity
Regulation occurs at the level of gene expression
Transcription, translation
mRNA turnover, protein turnover
Can also occur in response to hormones
Longer term type of regulation

13. Compartmentalization
One way to allow reciprocal regulation of catabolic and anabolic processes

14. Specialization of Organs
Regulation in higher eukaryotes
Organs have different metabolic roles i.e. Liver = gluconeogenesis, Muscle = glycolysis
Metabolic specialization is the result of differential gene expression

15. Lots ATP
G-6-P
Low ATP
Need skeltons

19. Starvation
Fuels change from glucose to fatty acids to ketone bodies