1. Process of Translation

2. STEP 1 Translator comes upon a work that he/she is passionate about. –Passion often times due to desire to spread knowledge of another culture. Social upheaval Political upheaval –Example: Mexican Revolution in The Underdogs, Cholera epidemic in Love in the Time of Cholera, feminism in “The Tree.”

3. Step 2 Translator needs consent of the original author…sometimes author seeks out translator –Consultation between translator and original author= extremely important. WHY? Enter into the life of the author, become aware of how he views his own text and how he wants his ideas portrayed. –Example: Suzanne Levine as translator of Tres Tristes Tigres.

4. Step 3 Translate! –MYTH: translators are scribes, “scribbling transparent texts in the cellar of the castle of Literature.” Criticism of translation as art –FACT: translations are a new, but not improved, piece of art. Meaning over form. Artwork analogy –FACT: translations are a re-creation of the original “Authorized geniuses such as Borges…command an authority, unlike most translators, to re-create, to “subvert” the original- particularly their own. They offer an ideal model, nonetheless, for what literary translation should be: creation.” –“…each successive reading, rewriting, translating of a text enriches and ensures the original’s survival anew.”

5. Gabriel Garcia Marquez Novels In Evil HourOne Hundred Years of Solitude The Autumn of the Patriarch Chronicle of a Death Foretold Love In the Time of Cholera The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor The General in his Labyrinth Of Love and Other Demons Memories of my Melancholy Whores 3 main translators of Marquez’s novels: Edith Grossman, Gregory Rabassa, Randolf Hogan

6. Gregory Rabassa Cortazar, author of “The Night Face Up,” advised Garbriel Garcia Marquez that it would be worth waiting 3 years for Rabassa’s schedule to open in order for his novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude, to be translated by him. Marquez stated that Rabassa’s translation was superior to his own original. Rabassa’s translation technique is working as he goes instead of reading the book beforehand. Received a national book award for translation for his translated novel Hopscotch. Has translated for many other famous authors besides Marquez such as Julio Cortazar and Mario Vargas Llosa.

7. Edith Grossman In a 2003 speech in Marquez’s honor Grossman stated: "Fidelity is surely our highest aim, but a translation is not made with tracing paper. It is an act of critical interpretation. Let me insist on the obvious: Languages trail immense, individual histories behind them, and no two languages, with all their accretions of tradition and culture, ever dovetail perfectly. They can be linked by translation, as a photograph can link movement and stasis, but it is disingenuous to assume that either translation or photography, or acting for that matter, are representational in any narrow sense of the term. Fidelity is our noble purpose, but it does not have much, if anything, to do with what is called literal meaning. A translation can be faithful to tone and intention, to meaning. It can rarely be faithful to words or syntax, for these are peculiar to specific languages and are not transferable." Translated for many famous authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa and Miguel de Cervantez

8. Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Rabassa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Grossman Levine, Suzanne. The Subversive Scribe: Translating Latin American Fiction. St. Paul: Graywolf, 1991.