1. Introduction to Cells Cells – the smallest living units in our bodies Organelles – “little organs” – carry on essential functions of cells Enzymes – direct chemical reactions in cells Metabolism – the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell

2. Introduction to Cells Cells have three main components Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

3. Structure of a Generalized Cell Figure 2.1

4. The Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane defines the extent of the cell Structure of membrane Fluid mosaic model (lipid bilayer) Types of membrane proteins Integral proteins – firmly imbedded in, or attached to lipid bilayer Peripheral proteins – attach to membrane surface

5. The Plasma Membrane Figure 2.2a

6. The Plasma Membrane Functions – relate to location at the interface of cell’s exterior and interior Provides barrier against substances outside the cell Some plasma membranes act as receptors Keywords: phospholipids -- polar head, non-polar tail, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, bilayered.

7. The Plasma Membrane Determines which substances enter or leave the cell Membrane is selectively permeable Diffusion – molecules move from a region where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated Osmosis – the diffusion of water across a membrane

8. Endocytosis Endocytosis – mechanism by which particles enter cells Phagocytosis – “cell eating” Pinocytosis – “cell drinking”

9. Receptor-mediated Endocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis Plasma proteins bind to certain molecules Invaginates and forms a coated pit Pinches off to become a coated vesicle

10. Exocytosis  Exocytosis – mechanism that moves substances out of the cell  Substance is enclosed in a vesicle  The vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane  Proteins from the vesicles (v-SNAREs) bind with membrane proteins (t-SNAREs)  The lipid layers from both membranes bind, and the vesicle releases its contents to the outside of the cell

11. Exocytosis Figure 2.4

12. Cellular Diversity Specialized functions of cells relates to: Shape of cell Arrangement of organelles

13. Cellular Diversity Cells that connect body parts or cover organs Fibroblast – makes and secretes protein component of fibers Erythrocyte – concave shape provides surface area for uptake of the respiratory gases Epithelial cell – hexagonal shape allows maximum number of epithelial cells to pack together

14. Cells that Connect Body Parts or Cover Organs Figure 2.16 (1)

15. Cellular Diversity Cells that move organs and body parts Skeletal and smooth muscle cells Elongated and filled with actin and myosin Contract forcefully

16. Cells that Move Organs and Body Parts Figure 2.16 (2)

17. Cellular Diversity Cells that store nutrients Fat cell – shape is produced by large fat droplet in its cytoplasm Cells that fight disease Macrophage – moves through tissue to reach infection sites

18. Cells that Store Nutrients and Cells that Fight Disease Figure 2.16 (3), (4)

19. Cellular Diversity Cells that gather information Neuron – has long processes for receiving and transmitting messages Figure 2.16 (5)

20. Cellular Diversity Cells of reproduction Oocyte (female) – largest cell in the body Contains many copies of organelles for distribution to daughter cells Sperm (male) – possesses long tail for swimming to the egg for fertilization Figure 2.16 (6)

21. Developmental Aspects of Cells Youth – begin as a fertilized egg Cells in embryo Exposed to chemical signals (hormones and local peptides) Chemicals channel cells into specific pathways of development Cell specialization leads to structural variation of cell types Keywords: Apoptosis, dysplasia, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, necrosis.

22. Aging (emphasis on cellular events) Aging – a complex process caused by a variety of factors Free radical theory Damage from byproducts of cellular metabolism Radicals build up and damage essential molecules of cells Radicals present in air pollution, radiation, certain foods Peroxidase and Catalase breakdown radicals in cytosol (Vit. E, C, beta-carotene and selenium) Mitochondrial theory – a decrease in production of energy by mitochondria weakens and ages our cells

23. Aging continued: Immune theory – manufactures antibodies to fend of foreign invaders somehow start to attack bodies own cells. Glucose theory – glucose added randomly btw adjacent protein molecules Cell division and Genetic theory – experiments on human cells outside body show there is a limit to number of times cells will divide - is this is a genetically programmed event? - if so, aging part of our genetic blueprint. Telomeres – “end caps” on chromosomes Telomerase – prevents telomeres from degrading