1. Virtual Observatory Architecture Data Services Registry Services Compute Services Roy Williams Caltech US-VO co-director

2. Trends Future dominated by detector improvements Total area of 3m+ telescopes in the world in m 2, total number of CCD pixels in Megapixels, as a function of time. Growth over 25 years is a factor of 30 in glass, 3000 in pixels. Moore’s Law growth in CCD capabilities Gigapixel arrays on the horizon New Detector Technologies (e.g., STJ) Improvements in computing and storage will track growth in data volume Investment in software is critical, and growing

3. Astronomical Data Image –Standard file format: FITS Standardized c.1980 Keyword-value dictionary + binary block Catalog –Derived from image Connected set of bright pixels –“Table of stars” –Standard format: VOTable Standardized 2002 XML with remote binary Spectrum, Time series,... new instruments new astronomy new requirements -> more DIVERSITY

4. First NVO Discovery Database crossmatch of two massive databases creates new science “The sum is greater than the parts”

5. Crossmatch Services SDSS database 2MASS database query Crossmatch service query scientific knowledge! NVO protocols

6. Networks of Services What is the meaning of the service? Who is responsible? How can I use the service from Perl/Java/C++/IDL/IRAF? Is there a simple web client for the service? What is the request and response syntax? What authentication do I need? Storage Service Archive Service Catalog Service User’s code Crossmatch Service Archive Service Query Check Service Query Estimator

7. Registry Layer Existing Data Centers Data Services Semantics (UCD) SIAP, SSAP VOTable FITS, GIF,… OpenSkyQuery SkyQueryVOPlot OASIS conVOT Topcat Mirage AladinDIS Disks, Tapes, CPUs, Fiber Grid Middleware SRB, Globus, OGSA SOAP, GridFTP data mining visualization image source detection Digital Library Other registries XML, DC, METS OAI ADS My Space storage services Databases, Persistency, Replication Virtual Data Workflow (pipelines) Discover Compute Publish Collaborate Authentication & Authorization crossmatch HTTP ServicesSOAP Services Grid Services stateless, registered & self-describing & persistent, authenticated Portals, User Interfaces, Tools Compute Services Bulk Access interfaces to data

8. VOTable Full metadata representation Hierarchy of RESOURCEs containing PARAMs and TABLEs UCD (unified content descriptor) –a has unit meter –a has UCD ORBIT_SIZE_SMAJ (Semi-major axis of the orbit ) Can reference remote and/or binary streams Table can be –Pure XML –"Simple Binary" –FITS Binary Table

9. Cone/SIAP/SSAP Simple, pragmatic solutions quickly Specified, Created, Registered, Utilized! Cone request is cone, response is VOTable with RA, Dec many of these since 2/02 SIAP request is cone, response is VOTable of image links SSAP under development

10. Simple Image Protocol Specify box by position and size SIAP server returns relevant images Footprint Logical Name URL Can choose: standard URL: http://....... SRB URL srb://nvo.npaci.edu/…..

11. Unified Content Descriptors UCD is a “semantic type” PHOT.INT-MAG.B Integrated total blue magnitude ORBIT.ECCENTRICITYOrbital eccentricity STAT.MEDIANStatistics Median Value INST.QEDetector's Quantum Efficiency Can be resolved by web service –to description, examples, etc Base + Specifiers eg error in default right ascension POS.EQ.RA, MAIN, ERROR

12. OpenSkyNode Exposes a relational DB –select* from tables –select * from columns of table –select a,b,c where d>3 and e<4 –select ra, dec where REGION(ra, dec,.....) –select from Xmatch (SDSS, 2MASS).....

13. Registry Services Publish Caltech, NCSA registries Query ADQL (borrow from OpenSkyNode) XQuery/XPath Harvest OAI from NCSA, Caltech, JHU, Vizier (France) What entities are described by registry? –Service VO standard or arbitrary –Project, Data Collection –(person, community, VD object, etc etc...?)

14. Data Inventory Service Federates multiple cone, SIAP services Registry OAIPublish Registry OAIQuery Registry OAIPublish DIS 1 2 3 4 Caltech NCSA JHU/StSci Goddard

15. Data Inventory Service Relevant Images and Catalogs NVSS Image ROSAT catalog

16. VOResource A mandatory form plus other supporting forms

17. Service Paradigm Registry Client Provider 2. find by white, yellow, green pages 3. bind: request & response 1. publish fill in forms standard service types VOResource + VOStdService + WSDL

18. VO Identifiers ivo://mydomain.com / mySkySurvey # file00037.fits URI form Resolved by registries Authority ID Registered with IVOA Must correspond to a registry Resource ID Created by Authority Resolved by registry Record ID Not known to registry delimiter

19. Open Archives Initiative (OAI) For harvesting registries allows distributed control/fault-tolerance Queries Changes since last week Give metadata in different views –Dublin Core, VOResource, VOVD? Examples Heasarc, Vizier, NCSA Registry Publish Query OAI Registry Publish Query OAI Registry Publish Query OAI

20. Services Why services distributed & relocatable workflow components described by request/response protocols self-describing (WSDL etc) architecture independent Questions What’s wrong with remote objects? Security framework On-ramp for the normal human? Toolkits for services Bulk data and SOAP

21. The Sky is a Database: Catalog Space

22. Catalog Space: The Final Frontier Figure 1. A schematic illustration of the problem of clustering analysis in some parameter space. The outliers, which do not fit well into any of the existing clusters, may be the new, previously unknown, and interesting objects.

23. Statistical Services Convert pointset to density plus outliers 50000 stars in color-color space

24. Image Federation

25. Multispectral Imagery Crab Nebula. 3 channels: X-ray in blue, optical in green, and radio in red. Moffet Field California. 224 channels from 400 nm to 2500 nm

26. Multi-Wavelength Image Morphology DPOSS-2MASS Image Mosaics J F N J H K Galaxy identifcation, galaxy clusters Pattern matching with shape AND color

27. Image Federation detection Stacking allows detection of faint sources. A 1-sigma detection in each of many bands becomes a 3- sigma detection. Images of the same galaxy taken several days apart are automatically subtracted from one another, and remaining bright spots may be supernova candidates. (NEAT project) Image subtraction allows detection of narrow-line features that are not also wide-band (eg Hα but not R- band)

28. Atlasmaker VO Registry SIAP Hyperatlas Federated Images: wavelength, time,... source detection average/max subtraction

29. Dependency from Scale Dependency from Compression Atlasmaker DAG

30. Dependency from Federation Atlasmaker DAG IDRADECxyz Dependency from Data Mining

31. Atlasmaker Virtual Data System Metadata repositories Federated by OAI Data repositories Federated by SRB Compute resources Federated by TG/IPG Mosaicked data is on file 2a. Mosaicked data is not on file 2d: Store result & return result 2c: Compute on TG/IPG User request Request manager 2b. Get raw data from NVO resources

32. Grist Grid Data Mining for Astronomy Williams, Djorgovski, Graham, Jacob, Katz, Mahabal, Miller et al Architecture Persistent Grid Services VO Registry Virtual Data Distributed file system Desktop Grid Triana, Viper,...?Teragrid, UK Grid,...?

33. GRIST Objectives –Workflow »Portal, Batch, Grazing »Virtual Data –VO Data services »OpenSkyNode for crossmatch »Palomar-Quest exposure »SIAP exposure –Mining Palomar-Quest »Hi-z Quasar candidates »Cluster/outlier/correlation –Image Processing »Hyperatlas library »Faint source detection »Education –Grid computing and massive data »Teragrid