1. Progress report : Holographic chiral symmetry O.Bergman, S. Seki B. Burrington V. Mazo also O. Aharony and S.Yankielowicz and K. Peeters and M. Zamaklar

2. Introduction QCD admits at low energies: Confinement and chiral symmetry breaking. Apriori there is no relation between the two phenomena. Except of lattice simulations the arsenal of non perturbative field theory tools is quite limited. Gauge/gravity duality is a powerful method to deal with strongly coupled gauge theories. There are several stringy ( gravitational) models with a dual field theory in the same universality class as QCD Confinement is easily realized, flavor chiral symmetry is not.

3. Fundamental quarks can be incorporated via probe branes. First were introduced in duals of coulomb phase. (Karch Katz). Quarks in confining scenarios were introduced into the KS confining background using D7 braens ( Sakai Sonnenscehin) Models based on Witten’s near extremal D4 branes with D6 ( Kruczenski et al). Also Erdmenger et al A model that admits full flavor chiral symmetry breaking by incorporating D8 and anti D8 branes to Witten’s model. Sakai and Sugimoto In this work we examine the issues of (i) chiral symmetry breaking, current algebra quark mass and the GOR relation via a “tachyonic DBI” action (ii) Back-reaction on the background and the stability of the SS model. (iii) Thermal phase structure using non critical string background. In particular we discuss the transitions confinement/deconfinement chiral symmetry breaking/ restoring We determine the thermal spectra of meson and their dissociation (no) drag on mesons and breakup due to velocity

4. Witten’s model of near extremal D4 branes The periodicity of x 4 The high temperature background The periodicity of t

5. The parameters of the gauge theory are given in the sugra 5d coupling 4d coupling glueball mass String tension The gravity picture is valid only provided that  >> R At energies E<< 1/R the theory is effectively 4d. However it is not really QCD since M gb ~ M KK In the opposite limit of   R we approach QCD

6. The Sakai Sugimoto model The basic underlying brane configuration is -|------|- In the limit of N f < <N c the Sugra background is that of the near horizon limit of the near extremal D4 branes with N f probe D8 branes and N f probe anti D8 branes. The strings between the D4 branes and the D8 and anti D8 branes D4- D8 strings  L – left chiral fermions in ( N f, 1,N c ) of U(N f )x U(N f )x U(N c ) D4- anti-D8 strings  R – right chiral fermions in (1, N f,N c ) of U(N f )x U(N f )xU(N c ) Note that it is a chiral symmetry and not an U(N f )xU(N f ) of Dirac fermions. This is due to the fact that the there is no transverse direction to the D8 branes. The same applies to D4 branes in 6d non critical model ( Casero Paredes J.S) D8anti D8 D4

7. Outline Quark mass, condensate from tachyonic DBI Back reaction of the flavor branes Phases of thermal QCD from Non critical strings

8. 1. Quark mass, chrial symmetry breaking and tachyonic DBI In the Sakai Sugimoto model the quarks are massless and there is no apparent way to add a current algebra mass. Even in the generalized model the pion mass is zero and hence so is the C.A quark mass u 0 -u  corresponds to constituent quark mass It is not clear what is the source of the chiral symmetry breaking and in particular it is not associated with an expectation value of a bifundamental One would like to have a holographic dual of the GOR relation That states that

9. To understand the dynamics of the chiral symmetry Breaking we incorporate a complex bi-fundamental “Tachyon”. Discussed also by Casero Kiritsis Paredes We start with an action proposed by Garousi for a separated parrallel D p and anti- D p branes This action is obtained by generalizing Sen’s action for non-BPS branes. The action reads

10. Setting the gauge fields to zero in the non compact case leaves us with the following tachyonic DBI action where For small u the bi-fundamental T will become tachyonic The brane locations and The filed T has a localized tachyonic mode at small u

11. The corresponding EOM for L and T are For T=0 the EOM are those of the Sakai Sugimoto model From the point of view of the potential of T this is a non stable solution. We are after a solution with T(u) and L(u) such that when the tachyon condenses the brane anti brane separation vanishes Profile of T(u) T diverges

12. IR asymptotic solution We expand the equations around u=u 0 and find As expected The tachyon diverges at u=u0 where the brane anti brane merge UV asymptotic solution

13. We put a cutoff and expand the solution around it. We than compute “physical quantities” and check that they are independent of this cutoff. Strictly we cannot take it to infinity since at this region the string coupling becomes large. Requiring that the perturbation are small implies We identify the non-normalizable solution with the mass

14. The Hamiltonian density has the form then the condensate is determined from by differentiating with respect to m q And since the condensate is given by

15. To compute the spectrum of the vector mesons and of the pions we analyze the spectrum of fluctuations of the flavor gauge fields that live on the probe branes We go over to vector and axial gauge fields and use the unitary gauge where the tachyon Is real

16. The A+ sector We dimensionally reduce the 9d action to a 5 one, and plug the background We parameterize the guage fields After solving the eigenvalues problem and reducing to 4d we get Thus we find a spectrum of massive vector mesons

17. The A- sector We make the following decompositions In a similar manner the 5d action now is In our gauge the w 0 are the pions

18. The 4d action of the A- now reads Thus we see that the pions are massive The mass of the pion is determined by eigenvalue equation

19. The pion decay constant and the GOR relation We evaluate the pion decay constant f  by computing the correlator of axial Vector currents Erlich, Katz,Son,Stefanov The effective action is By takingwe find

20. Finally we get which in leading order in m q / translates into the Gell-Mann Oakes Rener relation

21. 2. From probe to fully back reaction In the Sakai Sugimoto model flavor is introduced by incorporating N f D8 anti-D8 branes. This is done in the probe approximation based on having N f <<N c. The profile of the probe branes is determined by solving the DBI EOM. In the probe approximation the configuration is stable ( no tachyonic modes). The motivation to go beyond the probe approximation is tow follded: (a) To check that the back-reaction on the background does not destroy the stability. (b) To determine the flavor dependence on properties that are extracted from the background like string tension, beta function, the viscosity /entropy density etc.

22. The action of the back-reacted system is Massive II A action DBI action Action of    form   x 4  (x 4 -  )] Induced metric

23. The EOM of the metric, dilaton, and RR forms are

24. The solution for the parameter M and F10 The jumps are at the locations of the branes Our basic assumption is that the back-reaction is a small perturbation controled by the small parameter The bulk term in the massive II A can be neglected since it is of order The delta functions are codimension one which leads to an harmonic function ( absolute value x 4 ) which is finite at the location of the delta function

25. We take the following ansatz for the background We plug it to the EOM and assume an expansion Original background  perturbation

26. To simplify the computation we replace the cigar Of the (u,x 4 ) directions with a cylinder that asymptote to it Which means that we omitted the factor f(u)=  u  /u)^3 from the background Note that for large u this factor is irrelevant

27. We separate the equations using the following variables F 1 and F 2 are invariant under x 4 and u coordinate transformations We Fourier decompose in x 4

28. Finally defining the equations read The general solution after enforcing the convergence of the Fourier sum takes the form

29. The behavior at large u The general behavior is of spikes around the locations of the branes.

30. The spike structure ocours here only for much larger u

31. The perturbed dilaton at small u  te that the solution developes a duble notch behavior between the cusp solution of very small u (red) and the spikes of large u

32. The perturbed A at small u

35. We were able to solve the equations also without the Fourier decomposition. It can be shown that the general structure of the of the solution is of the following form The implications of the solution on the stability Is still not clear to us. where In particular for F 2 we get

36. 3. Thermal phases of QCD from non critcal string model In 2006 with O. Aharony and S. Yankielowicz we have analyzed the hologrphic thermal phase structure of QCD based on thermalizing the Sakai Sugimoto model. With K. Peeters and M. Zamaklar we analyzed the spectrum of thermal mesons and the ( no ) drag of mesons. With V. Mazo we have done a similar analysis based on A model of non critical D4 color branes with Nf D4 and anti D4 flavor branes.

37. The non critical near extremal D4 brane The color and flavor barnes are The flavor probe action is

38. Review of the bulk thermodynamics We introduce temperature by compactifying the Euclidean time direction with periodicity  =1/T and imposing anti- periodic boundary conditions on the fermions. We use amodel of near extremal D4 branes (either ciritical or non critical). There is already a compact direction x 4 so in our thermal model ( t, x4) are compact. There are only two such smooth SUGRA backgrounds

39. At any given T the background that dominates is the one that has a lower free energy, namely, lower classical SUGRA action ( times T). The classical actions diverge. We regulate them by computing the difference between the two actions. It is obvious that the two actions are equal for  =2  R, thus at T d =1/2  R there is a first order phase transition. The transition is first order since the two solutions continue to exist both below and above the transition. It is easy to see that for T<1/2  R the background with a thermal factor on X 4 dominates, and above it the one with the thermal factor on t.

40. The interpretation of the phase transition is clear. The order parameters are: (i)low temperature the string  tension T st ~g tt g xx (u m= u  ) >0  confinement high temperature the string tension Tst ~g tt g xx (u m= u  ) =0  deconfinement (ii) Discrete spectrum versus continuum and dissociation of glueballs. (iii) Free energy ~ N c 2 at high temperature N c 0 at low temperature (iv) Vanishing/non vanishing Polyakov loop ( string wrapping the time direction) The dominant phase for small /R, due to the symmetry under T  > 1/2  R, is a symmetric phase Aharony, Minwalla Weismann    R

41. The phase diagram of the pure glue theory  Symmetric phase

42. At the UV the D8 and anti D8 are separated  U(N f ) L x U(N f ) R In the IR they merge together  spontaneous breaking U(N f ) D To verify this we analyze the DBI probe brane action  he solution of the corresponding equation of motion is Low temperature phase

43. The low temperature phase with flavor

45. The high temperature deconfining phase Recall that the action has now the thermal factor on the t direction The equation of motion admits a solution similar to the one of the low temperature domain, namely with chiral symmetry breaking However there is an additional stable solution of two disconnected stacks of branes. This obviously corresponds to chiral restoration. This is possible since at u=u T the t cycle shrinks to zero and the D8 branes can smoothly end there.

46. Chiral symmetry breaking/restoring

47. The configuration with the lower free energy ~DBI action dominates The action diverges but can be regulated by computing the difference between the chiral symmetry breaking and restoring solutions where y=u/u 0 We solve it numerically and find For y T > y Tc ~ 0.735  S > 0 | | For y T < y Tc ~ 0.735  S < 0 U

48. The action difference  S as a function of yT (~LT) SS yTyT  symmetry broken   symmetry restored The  symmetry breaking/restoring phase transition, just like the conf/decon Is a first order phase transition

49. Phase diagram- We express the critical point in terms of the physical quantities T,L

51. Summary We introduce a current algebra mass to the quark, associate the chiral symmetry breaking to an expectation value of a bi-fundamental tachyon and derived the GOR relation. We analyzed the leading order backreaction on the Sakai Sugimoto model We realized that the thermal phase structure derived from a non critical holomorphic model is very similar to the result from the ciritical thermalized Sakai Sugimoto model.

54. Outline Bulk thermodynamics of Witten’s model- phases of “YM theory” dual Adding quarks in the fundamental representation The low temperature phase of the SS model – confinement, The high temperature phase –deconfinement. The phase diagram, intermediate phase of deconfinement and chiral symmetry breaking The spectrum of the thermal mesons of the various phases The dissociation of mesons at high temperature Boosting mesons, ( no) drag, critical velocity

55. The parameters of the gauge theory are given in the sugra The gravity picture is valid only provided that  >> R In fact near the D8 branes the condition is  >> L At energies E<< 1/R the theory is effectively 4d. However it is not really QCD since M gb ~ M KK In the opposite limit of   R we approach QCD

56. Thus there is a family of solutions parametrized by u 0 >u   A special case is the u 0 = u , or L=  R (Sakai Sugimoto) We can parameterize the solution instead in terms of L For small values of L the action depends on L as follows

57. Thermal Mesons  n general mesons are strings that start and end on a D8 brane For low spin these mesons correspond to the fluctuations of the fields that reside on the probe branes. Embedding scalars  pseudo scalar mesons U(N f ) gauge fiedls   vector mesons Higher spin mesons are described by semi-classical stringy Configurations Kruczenski, Pando Zayas, J.S, Vaman

58. High spin Stringy meson

59. Low spin Mesons in the confining phase The structure of the mesonic spectrum is like in zero temperature. We expand the 5d probe gauge fields The four dimensional action of the vector fluctuations reads The spectrum includes massless “Goldstone pions” associated with the  symmetry breaking The mass eigenvalues are determined from There are no deconfined quarks The spectrum of massive mesons is discrete and indpendent of T

60. Scaling and the M~1/L relation. For “short mesons” one can determine the mass scale of the meson with no computation from a scaling argument In this limit and We can rewrite the eigenvalue equation in terms of a dimensionless quantity y in the form Which implies that the right hand side is also dimensionless and thus

61. Meson mass as a function of the constituent quark mass If we identify the vertical parts of the spinning string as massive quark end points, the energy of these segments corresponds to the quark constituent mass given by The numerical results show that the meson mass is linaer with the constituent mass

62. M 2 as a function of the excitation number n  n Thus, the meson mass behaves like M~n ( and not M^2~n)

63. Low spin mesons in the intemediate phase To determine the thermal masses we consider spatially homogeneous modes The probe brane action reduces to The spectrum is determined by numerical ``shooting” for

64. Low phase Intermediate The masses in the intermediate phase are smaller than in the low one They admit the non stringy behavior of m ~ n

65. Masses of the low lying mesons as a function of the temperature The masses decrease as a function of the temeperature The behavior is in qualitative agreement with lattice calculations.

67. High spin stringy meson A meson is a spinning string that start and ends on a probe brane

68. The relevant part of the metric of the deconfining background The classical spinning string The DBI action for such a configuration reads The corresponding equation of motion

69. Thus the spinning string has to be above these curves For the action to be realor The numerical solutions of the profiles of the strings In fact this is nothing but that the speed of light is f(u)

71. Dissociation temperature of high spin mesons There is a maximal value of the spin as a function of the temperature Zero temperature High temperature

72. The mass dependence as a function of the temperature for the high spin mesons is similar to that of the low spine ones

73. Mesons in the chiraly restored phase Recall in this phase there are two separated stacks of branes and hence chiral symmetry is restored. The meson masses are determined by and the normalizability condition The pion is no longer normalizable and hence disappear from the spectrum There are light deconfined stringy quarks in this phase

74. If we expand the equation around u T we can solve analytially the equation and can compare to the shooting results The solution :

75.  no) Drag effect on mesons moving in the plasma It was shown recently that a single quark ( a string from the probe brane to the horizon) suffers from a drag when moving : The string is bended and there is momentum flow into the horizon and one has to apply force on the string at the flavor brane This does not happen to the spinning string and even not to a moving spinning string. The string bends but there is no drag A suitable ansatz of the string is of the form The action becomes

76. The condition for a real action is The solutions of the EOM are above this threshold and hence the mesons do not suffer any drag

77. There is a critical velocity beyond which a state with a given spin has to dissociate. Similarly the 4d size of the meson decreases with the velocity Found also (analytically) by Liu, Rajagopal and U. Wiedermann

78. We constructed a holographic model of the thermal phases of QCD It is based on thermalizing the Sakai Sugimoto mode Both the conf/deconf and  breaking/restoring are first order phase transition For small L/R there is an intermediate phase of deconfinement and chiral symmetry breaking We computed the thermal spectrum of mesons Summary

79. In the low temperature phase the masses are temperature independent The low spin mesons admit M~ n behavior (unlike the stringy form M 2 ~ n ) In the intermediate phase the masses are temperature dependent similar to lattice results. The same qualitative behavior occurs also for spinning string mesons There is a dissociation phenomenon of mesons, at any given temperature there is a maximal possible string. There is no drag on meson. There is a velocity dependence of the maximal spin and 4d size

81. Thermal

82. Mass square of first state as a function of u 0

92. Adding quarks in the fundamental representation- The Sakai Sugimoto model model