1. Telecom connectivity within SAARC Rohan Samarajiva This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Canada and the Department for International Development, UK.

2. Significance of telecom connectivity Makes Mode 1 services trade possible; also facilitates services trade in other modes Facilitates goods trade Makes SAARC real, in face of slow to no progress on easing travel restrictions

3. Is SAARC real? Measures: – It must be cheaper/easier to communicate within SAARC than to points outside SAARC Leased-line costs must be lower than extra-SAARC – Not covered in this presentation as research is not complete Intra-SAARC fixed calling charges must be lower Intra-SAARC mobile calling charges must be lower

4. Colombo Declaration of 15 th SAARC Summit, Para 6 “The Heads of State or Government observed that an effective and economical regional tele- communication regime is an essential factor of connectivity, encouraging the growth of people-centric partnerships. They stressed the need for the Member States to endeavour to move towards a uniformly applicable low tariff, for international direct dial calls within the region.”

5. Intra-SAARC fixed voice: Sri Lanka lowest; treats all SAARC countries equally Source: International Voice Benchmarks (February 2010) Table 1: International Fixed Voice calls (http://lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/International-Voice-Prices-Feb-2010.pdf )http://lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/International-Voice-Prices-Feb-2010.pdf Maldives has highest intra-SAARC calling rates for most of the SAARC countries; followed by Bhutan Many play favorites (PK for AF {24% cheaper}; IN for BT {1/10 th of highest}; LK for IN {25% cheaper}; IN for PK {1/3 rd of highest}) All tariffs in USD Calling from Afghanistan Bangladesh BhutanIndiaMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka PeakOff-peak Calling to Afghanistan 0.350.260.970.250.710.410.180.16 Bangladesh0.25 0.390.200.240.200.120.16 Bhutan0.250.260.22 0.200.550.260.180.16 India0.250.260.220.11 0.310.200.100.16 Maldives0.250.260.220.390.20 0.260.300.16 Nepal0.250.260.220.390.200.47 0.180.16 Pakistan0.190.260.220.390.200.310.20 0.16 Sri Lanka0.250.260.220.390.150.310.200.18

6. Extra-SAARC fixed voice: PK lowest (way lower than intra-SAARC); LK cheaper than intra-SAARC SAARC is real in fixed-voice connectivity terms only for Bangladesh and Nepal Source: International Voice Benchmarks (February 2010) Table 1: International Fixed Voice calls (http://lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/International-Voice-Prices-Feb-2010.pdf )http://lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/International-Voice-Prices-Feb-2010.pdf All tariffs in USD Calling from Afghanista n Bangladesh BhutanIndiaMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka PeakOff-peak Calling to Malaysia 0.110.260.220.970.200.280.510.020.11 China0.110.350.260.650.250.240.510.020.11 Australia0.110.350.260.390.250.310.510.020.11 UK0.250.350.260.390.150.390.510.180.11 US0.250.350.260.390.150.240.510.020.11 South Africa0.250.440.350.650.250.390.510.120.11 Saudi Arabia0.250.260.220.970.250.390.510.110.22 UAE0.250.260.220.650.200.390.510.140.22

7. Since 15 th Summit: Only Sri Lanka, Bhutan & India have heeded the Heads of State even partially THEN Source: International Voice Benchmarks (July 2008) Table 1: International Fixed Voice calls (http://lirneasia.net/ wp- content/uploads/200 8/07/intl-voice-july- 08.pdf )http://lirneasia.net/ wp- content/uploads/200 8/07/intl-voice-july- 08.pdf All tariffs in USD Calling from Afghanista n Bangladesh BhutanIndiaMaldives Nepal PakistanSri Lanka PeakOff-peakPeakOff-peak Calling to Afghanistan Tariff were not available 0.350.260.980.280.700.290.22 0.94 Bangladesh 0.590.280.300.290.220.140.32 Bhutan 0.260.22 0.280.550.290.22 0.52 India 0.260.220.31 0.300.290.220.120.32 Maldives 0.260.220.590.28 0.290.220.360.32 Nepal 0.260.220.590.280.46 0.220.32 Pakistan 0.260.220.590.280.300.290.22 0.32 Sri Lanka 0.260.220.590.170.300.290.22 All tariffs in USD Calling from Afghanista n Bangladesh BhutanIndiaMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka PeakOff-peak Calling to Afghanistan 0.350.260.970.250.710.410.180.16 Bangladesh0.25 0.390.200.240.200.120.16 Bhutan0.250.260.22 0.200.550.260.180.16 India0.250.260.220.11 0.310.200.100.16 Maldives0.250.260.220.390.20 0.260.300.16 Nepal0.250.260.220.390.200.47 0.180.16 Pakistan0.190.260.220.390.200.310.20 0.16 Sri Lanka0.250.260.220.390.150.310.200.18 NOW Source: International Voice Benchmarks (February 2010) Table 1: International Fixed Voice calls (http://lirneasia.net/ wp- content/uploads/201 0/03/International- Voice-Prices-Feb- 2010.pdf )http://lirneasia.net/ wp- content/uploads/201 0/03/International- Voice-Prices-Feb- 2010.pdf

8. Intra-SAARC fixed voice: Percentage reductions since 15 th Summit Reduction in prices by February 2010 relative to July 2008 Calling from BhutanIndiaMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka Calling to Afghanistan 1%13%-1%(41%)17%83% Bangladesh 34%30%22%30%17%51% Bhutan 30%-1%12%17%70% India 65% -1%30%17%51% Maldives 34%30% 12%17%51% Nepal 34%30%-1% 17%51% Pakistan 34%30%-1%30% 51% Sri Lanka 34%13%-1%30%17% Message not getting through to Dhiraagu in Maldives

9. Intra-SAARC mobile voice: India is lowest; treats SAARC countries equally All tariffs in USD Calling from Afghanista n Bangladesh BhutanIndiaMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka PeakOff-peak Calling to Afghanistan 0.350.260.970.200.710.260.240.70 Bangladesh0.48 0.390.200.310.260.100.31 Bhutan0.480.260.22 0.200.550.260.240.53 India0.480.260.220.11 0.31 0.26 *0.100.09 Maldives0.480.260.220.390.20 0.260.240.70 Nepal0.480.260.220.390.200.47 0.240.31 Pakistan0.480.260.220.390.200.310.26 0.31 Sri Lanka0.480.260.220.390.200.310.260.24 AF, BD, IN and NP treat SAARC countries the same. Others play favorites: IN for BT, BD and IN for PK; IN for LK Sri Lankan operators engaged in price war on mobile calling to India in past few months, not reflected in above numbers; initiated by Bharti Airtel so likely in Bangladesh also Source: International Voice Benchmarks (February 2010) Table 2: International Mobile Voice calls (http://lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/International-Voice-Prices-Feb-2010.pdf )http://lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/International-Voice-Prices-Feb-2010.pdf * Off peak rate for calling India is USD 0.19

10. All tariffs in USD Calling from Afghanistan BangladeshBhutan IndiaMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka PeakOff-peakPeak Calling to Singapore0.480.260.220.390.140.240.650.030.10 Hong Kong0.480.260.220.390.140.280.650.030.10 UK0.530.350.260.390.140.390.650.030.19 US0.530.350.260.390.140.240.650.030.10 South Africa0.630.440.350.650.200.390.650.100.22 Saudi Arabia0.480.260.220.970.200.390.650.130.26 Extra-SAARC mobile voice: PK is lowest; NP is highest SAARC is real in terms of mobile-voice connectivity only for Nepal, but perhaps only because its international calling charges are excessive Source: International Voice Benchmarks (February 2010) Table 2: International Mobile Voice calls (http://lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/International-Voice-Prices-Feb-2010.pdfhttp://lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/International-Voice-Prices-Feb-2010.pdf

11. Since 15 th Summit: Only Bhutan & Nepal have heeded the Heads of State even partially All tariffs in USD Calling from Afghanistan Bangladesh BhutanIndiaMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka PeakOff-peak Calling to Afghanistan 0.380.29-0.220.700.360.290.74 Bangladesh0.49 0.590.220.300.360.120.32 Bhutan0.490.290.25 0.220.550.360.290.56 India0.490.290.250.31 0.30 0.29 *0.160.14 Maldives0.490.290.250.590.22 0.360.290.23 Nepal0.490.290.250.590.220.46 0.290.32 Pakistan0.490.290.250.590.220.300.36 0.32 Sri Lanka0.490.290.250.590.220.300.360.29 THEN Source: International Voice Benchmarks (July 2008) Table 2: International Mobile Voice calls (http://lirneasia.net/ wp- content/uploads/200 8/07/intl-voice-july- 08.pdf )http://lirneasia.net/ wp- content/uploads/200 8/07/intl-voice-july- 08.pdf -no values for BT calling AF, *NP calling IN at off peak is USD 0.22 All tariffs in USD Calling from Afghanistan Bangladesh BhutanIndiaMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka PeakOff-peak Calling to Afghanistan 0.350.260.970.200.710.260.240.70 Bangladesh0.48 0.390.200.310.260.100.31 Bhutan0.480.260.22 0.200.550.260.240.53 India0.480.260.220.11 0.31 0.26 *0.100.09 Maldives0.480.260.220.390.20 0.260.240.70 Nepal0.480.260.220.390.200.47 0.240.31 Pakistan0.480.260.220.390.200.310.26 0.31 Sri Lanka0.480.260.220.390.200.310.260.24 NOW Source: International Voice Benchmarks (February 2010) Table 1: International Mobile Voice calls (http://lirneasia.net/ wp- content/uploads/201 0/03/International- Voice-Prices-Feb- 2010.pdf )http://lirneasia.net/ wp- content/uploads/201 0/03/International- Voice-Prices-Feb- 2010.pdf

12. Intra-SAARC mobile voice: Percentage reductions since 15 th Summit Reduction in prices by February 2010 relative to July 2008 Calling from Afghanist an Bangladesh BhutanIndiaMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka PeakOff-peak Calling to Afghanistan 8%10%-8%-1%28%17%6% Bangladesh3% 34%8%-1%28%17%6% Bhutan3%10%12% 8%-1%28%17%6% India3%10%12%65% -1%10%40%37% Maldives3%10%12%34%8% 28%17%(202%) Nepal3%10%12%34%8%-1% 17%6% Pakistan3%10%12%34%8%-1%28% 6% Sri Lanka3%10%12%34%8%-1%28%17%

13. Is SAARC real? Do Declarations matter?

14. 16 th Summit resolves to implement resolutions 5. The Leaders agreed that the scope and substance of cooperation had expanded.... However, a number of these had not translated into meaningful and tangible benefits to the people.... They resolved that the Silver Jubilee Year should be commemorated by making SAARC truly action oriented by fulfilling commitments, implementing declarations and decisions and operationalizing instruments and living up to the hopes and aspirations of one-fifth of humanity.