1. © W. Wahlster, DFKI IUI99, International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces Los Angeles, January 6th, 1999 Agent-based Multimedia Interaction for Virtual Web Pages German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, DFKI GmbH Stuhlsatzenhausweg 3 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany phone: (+49 681) 302-5252/4162 fax: (+49 681) 302-5341 e-mail: wahlster@dfki.de WWW:http://www.dfki.de/~wahlster Wolfgang Wahlster

2. © W. Wahlster, DFKI What are Virtual Web Pages? What are Agent-Based User Interfaces? Using Life-like Characters for the Personalization of User Interfaces Plan-based Media Transformation and Coordination The Combination of Retrie ved and Generated Media Objects for the Generation of Virtual Web Pages Commercial Applications in Advanced WebCommerce SmartKom: a Transportable and Transmutable Multimodal Interface Our Research Agenda for Agent-based User Interfaces Conclusion Outline

3. © W. Wahlster, DFKI First GenerationSecond GenerationThird Generation Static Web Sites Fossils cast in HTML Interactive Web Sites JavaScripts and Applets Database Access and Template-based Generation Dynamic Web Sites Virtual Web Sites Netbots, Information Extraction, Presentation Planners Adaptive Web Sites User Modeling, Machine Learning, Online Layout Three Generations of Web Sites

4. © W. Wahlster, DFKI A Virtual Web Page is generated on the fly as a combination of various media objects from multiple web sites or as a transformation of a real web page. looks like a real web page, but is not persistently stored. integrates generated and retrieved material in a coordinated way. can be tailored to a particular user profile and adapted to a particular interaction context. has an underlying representation of the presentation context so that an Interface Agent can comment, point to and explain its components. Virtual Memory, Virtual Relation, Virtual Reality... What is a Virtual Web Page?

5. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Virtual Webpage Retrieved from 5 Different Servers

6. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Virtual Webpage Augmented by Persona

7. © W. Wahlster, DFKI PROACTIVE ACTIVE REACTIVE anticipate the user's needs adopt the user's goals provide unsolicited comments appear as life-like characters plan interactive behavior autonomously can initiate inter- action INTERFACE AGENTS respond immediately to interruptions criticism and clarification questions direct manipulation What are Agent-based User Interfaces?

8. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Consumer Provider sells Information Goods Services buys Information Goods Services Web Sites Knowledge about: Usage Patterns User Models Consumer Profiles Netbot Intelligent Parallel Retrieval Information Extraction and Summarization Personalized Presentation Matchmaking Teleshopping Assistance Telemarketing Assistance Translation Services Data Mining Services Intelligent Web Services

9. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Netbots Indices, Directories, Search Engines WWW Netbot := Intelligent Agent that uses Internet tools on a person’s behalf Traveller’s Netbot: Tries to achieve traveller’s goals (finding and executing plans) checks availability finds best price uses personal preferences (e.g. frequent flyer programme, seating preferences lets the traveller know, when seats become available (active help) Mass Services Personal Assistants e.g. Ahoy!, Jango, AiA Netbots as Personal Assistants for WWW Users

10. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Portrait Photo Netbot: Personal Picture Finder Parallel Meta- Search of Webpages for Parallel Search in Picture Archives Home Pages Extraction of Images Filtering of Logos, Graphics,... WWW Knowledge Sources Applications: Journalism, Contact Preparation, Tracing Criminals http://finder.dfki.de:7000 A Netbot for Portrait Photos: The Personal Picture Finder

11. © W. Wahlster, DFKI The Personal Picture Finder

12. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Information Customer 1 Provider 1 2 3 Push Technologies + no effort for customer - minimal adaptation Interactive Pull + good adaptation - major effort for customer Customer Query Information Netbots with Parallel Pull CustomerNetbot Query Information Provider 1 Provider 2 Provider N + good adaptation + minimal effort for customer Customer 2 Customer N Provider Netbots versus Push Technologies

13. © W. Wahlster, DFKI System is able to flexibly tailor presentations to the individual user and the current situation. Enhancement of User Interfaces through Personalization An animated character serves as “Alter Ego” of the presentation system. Personalized Presenters at DFKI

14. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Personalization = adaption of system behavior according to a user model Personalization = the “agent” appears as animated character which presents, explains and comments an offer, and to which the user can talk to. Personalized Package Presentation by an Animated Agent

15. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Video Character Presents the Interior of a Boeing 757

16. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Reactive Behavior of the Persona Agent

17. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Persona Server Behaviors Presentation Gestures Reactive Behaviors Idle-time actions Navigation actions Auditory Characteristics Sound effects, auditory icons Voice: male, female Visual Appearances Hand-drawn Cartoon Bitmaps Generated Bitmaps from 3D-Models Video Bitmaps PPP’s Persona Server implements a generic Presentation Agent that can be easily adapted to various applications

18. © W. Wahlster, DFKI More than 200 cartoon frames were drawn by a professional artist. A real persona was filmed with a video-camera and the pictures were digitized with a frame grabber. The frames of the visual appearance of persona can be cartoon-like images or video-frames which show real persons

19. © W. Wahlster, DFKI The Persona Editor

20. © W. Wahlster, DFKI take-position (t 1 t 2 )point-to (t 3 t 4 ) move-to (t 1 t 2 )r-stick-pointing (t 3 t 4 ) High-Level Persona Actions Context-Sensitive Expansion (including Navigation Actions) Decomposition into Uninterruptable Basic Postures r-turn (t 1 t 21 ) r-step (t 21 t 22 ) f-turn (t 22 t 2 ) r-hand-lift (t 3 t 31 ) r-stick-expose (t 31 t 4 ) Bitmaps... Context-Sensitive Decomposition of Persona Actions

21. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Multimedia Generation Text Generator Graphics Generator Gesture Generator Animation Generator Presentation Planner (PREPLAN) KR & Reasoning (RAT) Production Acts Generated Material Presentation Acts Signals + Events Multimedia Server Layout Manager Persona Server Music Generator PPP System Architecture

22. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Plan multimedia material as well as presentation acts and their temporal coordination Presentation Acts Persona Acts Display Acts This is the transformer Task of the Presentation Planner

23. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Persona explains a modem

24. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Production Act Presentation Act Introduce Create- Graphics S-Show S-Wait S-PositionElaborate-Parts S-Create- Window S-Depict Label S-PointS-Speak S-Point Qualitative constraints:Create-Graphics meets S-Show,... Metric constraints:1 <= Duration S-Wait <= 1,... Distinction between production and presentation acts (i.e. Persona- or display acts) Explicit representation of qualitative and quantitative constraints Extensions of the Representation Formalism

25. © W. Wahlster, DFKI (define-plan-operator :HEADER (A0 (INTRODUCE P A ?object ?window)) :INFERIORS ((A1 (CREATE-GRAPHICS P A ?window ?object)) (A2 (S-SHOW P A ?window ?object)) (A3 (S-POSITION P A ?window)) (A4 (S-WAIT P A)) (A5 (ELABORATE-PARTS P A ?object ?window))) :QUALITATIVE ((A1 (m) A2) (A3 (s) A2) (A3 (m) A5) (A5 (m) A4) (A4 (f) A2)) :METRIC ((10 <= DUR A2) (2 <= DUR A4 <= 2)) :START A1 :FINISH A2) (cf. [André/Rist 97]) Presentation Strategies in PPP contain qualitative and metric constraints

26. © W. Wahlster, DFKI PRELIMINARY SCHEDULE PPP first builds up a preliminary schedule at design time

27. © W. Wahlster, DFKI UPDATED SCHEDULE The preliminary schedule is continously updated at presentation time

28. © W. Wahlster, DFKI a Temporal Consistency Checker and Propagator Plan Scheduler Plan Nodes with Links to Local Temporal Constraint Networks Plan Operators with Metric and Qualitative Temporal Constraints Temporal Reasoning in the Presentation Planner for Dynamic Multimedia Coordination

29. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Persona Presents an Automatically Designed Business Chart

30. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Multi-Domain Problem Specs NETBOT Retrieved Results Information Structures Relations, Lists KR Terms Media Objects Texts, Sounds, Videos Pictures, Maps, Animations Distributed Information Multiple Data Sources The Combination of Retrieved and Generated Media Objects for Virtual Webpages

31. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Retrieved Results Select & Design Select Canned Media Objects Design New Media Objects Information Structures Relations, Lists KR Terms Graphics, Animation Text, Speech, Mimic Icons, Clip Art Frames, Sounds Reuse & Transform Coordinate Media Objects Transform Media Objects Temporal Synchroni- zation Spatial Layout Clip, Convert, Abstract Zoom, Pan, Transition Effects Media Objects Texts, Sounds, Videos Pictures, Maps, Animations The Combination of Retrieved and Generated Media Objects for Virtual Webpages

32. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Virtual Webpage with Animation Effects Based on a Single GIF Image

33. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Transition Effects in a Series of Retrieved Pictures

34. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Persona as a Personal Travel Consultant

35. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Netbot PAN Trip Data Pictures and Graphics Pieces of Text Coordinates for Pointing Gestures Input for Speech Synthesis Icons for Hyperlinks Hotel Agent Map Agent Address Weather Agent Train & Flight Scheduling Agent Major Event Agent Virtual Web Presentation Constraint- based Online Layout Presentation Planner Persona Server Components of virtual Webpages AiA The Generation of Virtual Webpages with PAN and AiA

36. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Persona as a Personal Travel Consultant

37. © W. Wahlster, DFKI S-Include- Photo S-Include- Text S-Include- Link Introduce S-SpeakIllustrate Design-Intro- Page Emphasize This hotel has a nice swimming pool. Location Elaborate S-SpeakS-Point S-Include- Map Label Your hotel is located here. Location Link Selected Default Time Over/ Up Dynamic Node Expansion for the Conditional Generation of Virtual Web Pages

38. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Use of a Life-like Character for Electronic Commerce

39. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Use of a Life-like Character for Electronic Commerce

40. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Use of a Life-like Character for Electronic Commerce

41. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Jennifer James as a Virtual Sales Agent © extempo systems inc.

42. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Plug-InsApplets Add features (character players) to browser Download triggered by user Requires disk space on client Unrestricted access to client Less appropriate for WebCommerce, Guides Agents integrated in 3D environments Appropriate for Entertainment Examples: Extempo's Jennifer James (Hayes-Roth et al. 98) PFMagic's virtual petz Java animation code sent over the net Automatic loading Requires no disk space on client Restricted access to client Appropriate for WebCommerce, Guides Agents integrated in 2D environments Less appropriate for Entertainment Examples: DFKI's Web Persona (Müller et al. 98) ISI's Adele (Johnson et al 98) New in AiA/PAN: Balanced combination of Applets and Servelets Efficient distribution of client-side Java and server-side Java for driving the Interface Agent Sending Interface Agents to Clients: Plug-Ins or Applets?

43. © W. Wahlster, DFKI a Queries Transactions Shopbots 2 Provider pays usage fee 3 pays fee after successful commercial transaction Internet Shop 1.......... Internet Shop n Provider 1 pays fee for banner avertisement 12 3 Banner fee Usage fee Transaction fee (credit card model) Alternative Business Models for Shopbots

44. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Advanced WebCommerce Advanced WebCommerce Virtual Web Pages One-to-One Marketing One-to-One Marketing Intuitive, Multilingual Access Dialogue with Virtual Sales Agents Shopbots for Automated Comparison Shopping Text Analysis and Generation User Modeling and Language Generation Coordinated Text & Graphics Planning Robust Dialogue Understanding Advanced Speech Synthesis Information Extraction from HTML/XML Documents Machine Translation Multimodal Interfaces Multimedia Presentation Planning Intelligent Interface Technology is a Prerequisite for Advanced WebCommerce

45. © W. Wahlster, DFKI SmartKom-Home/Office: A Versatile Agent-based Interface SmartKom-Public: A Multimodal Communication Booth SmartKom-Mobile: A Handheld Communication Assistant Media Analysis Kernel of SmartKom Interface Agent Interaction Management Application Manage- ment Media Design SmartKom: A Transportable and Transmutable Interface Agent

46. © W. Wahlster, DFKI MediaInterface European Media Lab Uinv. Of Munich Univ. of Stuttgart Saarbrücken Aachen Dresden Berkeley Stuttgart MunichUniv. of Erlangen Heidelberg Main Contractor Project Management Testbed Software Integration DFKI Saarbrücken The SmartKom Consortium: Project Budget: $ 34 M Project Duration: 4 years D AIMLER C HRYSLER Ulm SmartKom: Intuitive Multimodal Interaction

47. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Smartcard/ Credit Card for authentication and billing Docking station for PDA/Notebook/ Camcorder high speed and broad bandwidth Internet connectivity High-resolution scanner Loudspeaker Room microphone Face-tracking camera Virtual touchscreen protected against vandalism Multipoint video conferencing SmartKom-Public: A Multimodal Communication Booth

48. © W. Wahlster, DFKI MOBILE Camera GPS Microphone Loudspeaker Stylus-Activated Sketch Pad Wearable Compute Server Docking Station for Car PC Biosensor for Authentication & Emotional Feedback GSM for Telephone, Fax, Internet Connectivity SmartKom-Mobile: A Handheld Communication Assistant

49. © W. Wahlster, DFKI SpeechMike Virtual Touchscreen Natural Gesture Recognition SmartKom-Home/Office: A Versatile Agent-based Interface

50. © W. Wahlster, DFKI User(s) Media Analysis Design Media Fusion Output Rendering Representation and Inference User Model Discourse Model Domain Model Task Model Media Models Interaction Management Media Analysis Input Processing Information Applications People Intention Recognition Media Design Application Interface Discourse Modeling User Modeling Presentation Design Language Graphics Gesture Biometrics Language Graphics Gesture Animated Presentation Agent The Architecture of the SmartKom Agent (cf. Maybury/Wahlster 1998)

51. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Personalized Presentation Agents (limited user interaction) WIP: 1989-1993 1 Personalized Interface Agents (full user interaction) 2 PPP:1994-1996 Multiple Interface Agents (agent-agent and user interaction) 3 Multiple Presentation Agents in one scene (eg. pros and cons) Multiple Role-Taking (eg. Travel Assistance vs. Comparison Shopper) Multiple Interface Agents (eg. human-computer, human-human interaction) AiA: 1997-2000 Our Research Agenda for Agent-based Interfaces (Wahlster, André, Rist, Müller, Graf etc; www.dfki.de/imedia)

52. © W. Wahlster, DFKI I recommend you this SLX limousine. Multiple Agents Discussing Pros and Cons of a Mercedes Model

53. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Intelligent Web Services Intelligent Web Services User Modeling Planning Natural Language Understanding Knowledge Representation Image Understanding Machine Learning Plan Recognition Information Retrieval Multimodal User Interfaces Research on Intelligent Web Services brings disparate subfields in the area of intelligent systems together

54. © W. Wahlster, DFKI ECommerce projects of DFKI have shown that research on agent-based multimodal interfaces can be transferred to real real-world applications: Dekra (largest European organization of used car dealers): FairCar as an ECommerce platform with NL access and a comparison shopping agent for used cars DaimlerChrysler: IKP for online user modelling in a one-to- one marketing system for Mercedes cars Otto/Shopping24/Eddie Bauer (largest European mail order company): virtual sales agents for one-to-one marketing of fashion and computer hardware Lufthansa/Condor: direct marketing of charter flights Conclusion

55. © W. Wahlster, DFKI Two Research Challenges: Making the interface agents sensitive to temporary limitations of the user´s time and working memory capacity (cf. our READY project, Jameson et al., p. 79-85 in IUI99 Proceedings) Making the agents instructible, so that they can learn from the user in a dialog, how to extract information in a new domain (cf. our PAN project, Bauer/Dengler, p. 153- 156 in IUI99 Proceedings) The generation of virtual web pages by agent-based multimodal interfaces leads to innovative applications in: Electronic Commerce, Electronic TV Guides (EPG) Telelearning environments, Call Centers and Help Desks Conclusion