1. C# 3.0 Tom Roeder CS215 2006fa

2. Version 3 From PDC 2005 preview compiler available LINQ: language-integrated query High level points: adds native query functionality to C# adds better functional programming Several changes required to make this work implicitly typed variables extension methods

3. Implicitly typed variables var i = 5; var s = "Hello"; var d = 1.0; var orders = new Dictionary (); Type of the variable induced from expression must include initializer can’t be null. Why not? What happens if “var” is a class in scope? Works in for loops

4. Extension methods Can add methods to other classes any methods (although look static) only from static classes When import a namespace that has extensions, then added to classes once imported, called as usual Local methods take precedence first local for normal method, then extension

5. Extension methods public static class Extensions { public static int ToInt32(this string s) { return Int32.Parse(s); } public static T[] Slice (this T[] source, int index, int count) { if (index < 0 || count < 0 || source.Length – index < count) throw new ArgumentException(); T[] result = new T[count]; Array.Copy(source, index, result, 0, count); return result; } }

6. Extension methods using N1; namespace N1 { public static class E { public static void F(this object obj, int i) { } public static void F(this object obj, string s) { } } } class A { } class B { public void F(int i) { } } class C { public void F(object obj) { } }

7. Extension methods class X { static void Test(A a, B b, C c) { a.F(1); a.F("hello"); b.F(1); b.F("hello"); c.F(1); c.F("hello"); } }

8. Extension methods Not for properties, events, operators currently under consideration Equivalent to calling the static method difference from actually extending the class? How could we use this for Polynomials? Disadvantages? implicitness security

9. Lambda expressions Generalized function syntax x. x + 1 in C# 3.0, have x => x + 1 From anonymous delegate syntax: delegate(int x) { return x + 1;} Can have implicitly typed variables Can have more than one variable Can have expression or statement body NB: no statement bodies in preview compiler

10. Lambda expressions Can be converted to delegate type if parameters and body match delegate R Func (A arg); Func f1 = x => x + 1; Func f2 = x => x + 1; Func f3 = x => x + 1; Participate in type inference If expression body, get expression trees

11. Lambda expressions Type inference public static IEnumerable Select ( this IEnumerable source, Func selector) { foreach (T element in source) yield return selector(element); } If call Select(customers, c => c.Name); T, S mapped to appropriate types

12. Lambda expressions Given the code delegate R Func (A arg); static Z F (X value, Func f1, Func f2) { return f2(f1(value)); } what happens when get the following? F("1:15:30", s => TimeSpan.Parse(s), t => t.TotalSeconds)

13. Intializers Can initialize fields like attribute fields new C(1, 2, name=“my class”); works if public field or if property with set can be nested (eg. Rectangle with two Points) Collection initializers List digits = new List { 0, 1}; Must implement System.Generic.ICollection Object initializers var a = new Point { X = 0, Y = 1 };

14. Anonymous types var x = new {p1 = 10, p2 = “name”}; x is of anonymous type type can’t be referred to by name in program structural type equivalence two anonymous types can be compatible implicitly typed arrays var a = new[] { 1, 10, 100, 1000 }; must have consistent types or have implicit conversions

15. Query expressions Adds querying to language important for interaction with DB but also with built-in data structures leave query planning to data structure designer Implemented using above functionality anonymous types and variables useful lambda expressions make it cleaner.

16. Query expressions eg. var x = from s in students where s.City == “Ithaca" select s; defines an expression translates to invocation of Where method on students if select contains expression, calls Select uses lambda expressions as parameters we saw Select above

17. Other clauses groupby from c in customers group c.Name by c.Country c.GroupBy(c => c.Name, c => c.Country); orderby from c in customers orderby c.Name select new { c.Name, c.Phone } multiple from clauses from c in customers where c.City == "London" from o in c.Orders where o.OrderDate.Year == 2005 select new { c.Name, o.OrderID, o.Total }

18. Other clauses inner join? can be done with multiple generators just use a different object internally not as efficient? maybe need more syntax? don’t have full spec yet, just examples

19. Query expression pattern As with collections: not an interface just need to implement the methods necessary for backwards compatibility methods may be implemented by extension Methods named as above Any class that implements pattern can be accessed via the new syntax

20. Sequences A collection IEnumerable given iterator, can be viewed as a sequence New extension operators Take/TakeWhile Skip/SkipWhile Reverse Concat Intersect/Union/Except

21. Expression trees Data structure that represents expression type Expression if D is delegate type eg. Expression > e = x => x + 1; can be used to parse the function Spec not currently available Idea take an expression tree and convert to SQL

22. Database Integration Final step don’t think about the database types as separate allow databases to back classes! How would you do this in C#? Queries are now in the language eg. var x = from s in sources where s.fileName == “Polynomial.cs” select s;

23. DLinq Attributes [Table(Name="DVDTable")] public class DVD { [Column(Id = true)] public string Title; [Column] public string Rating; }

24. Connections Revisited public class MyDVDs : DataContext { public Table DVDs; public MyDVDs(string connection) : base(connection) {} } creates the connection to a database MyDVDs db = new MyDVDs(“dvd.mdf”); var x = from d in db.DVDs where d.Rating == “G” select d;

25. DLinq Query Expressions var x = the query is not executed immediately why not? Convert to Query holds the actual query as an Expression tree convert to SQL at execution time. When? eg. when need IEnumerator for foreach

26. Changes db.SubmitChanges() try to update the DB with our changes may fail: why? other applications may have made modifications what should we do? db.RejectChanges() throw away all changes since last updated Concurrency control optimistic in general

27. Transactions Transaction: unit of work isolated from other units can be made to look like happening serially using(TransactionScope ts = new TransactionScope()) { db.SubmitChanges(); ts.Complete(); } creates a new transaction for these updates if transaction succeeds, all changes accepted if transaction aborts, no object rollback

28. XLinq Instant XML intro language for defining markup nested tags and attributes eg Tom Roeder XML used as a document language often want to extract information from XML eg. in web search What is the relationship to DBs?

29. C# XML Programming Current model Read in XML document via various methods everything based in XMLDocument XLinq model XElement no document requirements: can be created anywhere can be queried as in DLinq built up functionally

30. XLinq Query Example from c in contacts.Elements("contact") where (string) c.Element("address").Element("state") == "WA" orderby (string) c.Element("name") select (string) c.Element("name"); What is the difference with DLinq? why all the casts? how to fix? LINQ team looking into schema support adds metadata to XML queries

31. C# 3.0 Conclusions query ability useful but many things are adding functional programming increases the possible styles of C# programming additions apparently not made on general principles but to support a particular narrow model of programming. Nonetheless: try it out