1. Diagnosing and Treating Schizophrenia: Shock and Lobotomy

2. Connecticut Hospital for the Insane, Middletown, CT, 1922 (founded 1868)

3. SOUTH CAROLINA LUNATIC ASYLUM, pen and ink drawing, c. 1822

4. Genealogy of “Schizophrenia” * Augustin Morel (1860): Dementia Praecox Ewald Hecker (1871): Hebephrenia Karl Kahlbaum (1874) Paranoia, Catatonia * Emil Kraepelin (1896): Dementia Praecox (included Hebephrenia, Catatonia, Paranoia) * Eugen Bleuler (1911): Schizophrenia

5. Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)

6. Manic Depressive Insanity Combination of mania & melancholy Good prognosis Dementia Praecox Form of early-onset dementia Deteriorating course Included hebephrenia, catatonia, paranoia Kraepelin’s Nosology

7. Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939) Dementia Praecox: or the Group of the Schizophrenias (1911) Director of Burghölzli Hospital, at University of Zurich

8. Zurich, Switzerland

9. Bleuler’s Primary Symptoms of Schizophrenia 1) Association: loosening of mental associations similar to the process of dreaming. 2) Affect: dysfunction between cognitive and affective apparatus. 3) Ambivalence: Simultaneous presence of contrary feelings. 4) Autism: distanced from reality; seek their own way, engaged in symbolic thinking.

10. Hans Prinzhorn (1886-1933) Artistry of the Mentally Ill (1922)

11. Karl Gustav Sievers (schizophrenia) “untitled”

12. Josef Heinrich Grebing (dementia praecox) “Untitled”

13. Peter Meyer (Moog) (Schizophrenic) “Destruction of Jerusalem”

14. Katharina Detzel (Manic-Depression/Schizo.)

15. Josef Forster (Schizophrenia) “Untitled”

16. Marie Lieb Periodic Mania “Cell floor decorated with torn strips of cloth”

17. Paul Goesch (Schizophrenic) “Horus Dismembered”

18. August Natterer (no diagnosis given) “Witch’s head”

20. Paul Klee Runner at the Goal

21. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann 1889 - 1957 I Never Promised you a Rose Garden, 1964 “Schizophrenogenic mother”

23. Wagner-Jauregg overseeing Malarial Therapy c. 1918 (at back)

24. Bringing a patient out of insulin coma, Belgian asylum c. 1940

25. Patient in convulsions following Metrazol treatment, c.1941

26. Electroconvulsive Shock Treatment

27. Sen. Thomas F. Eagleton (left) and presidential candidate Sen. George S. McGovern at the Democratic National Convention in 1972. After disclosure of his ECT treatment for depression, Eagleton withdrew in August, 1972 (AP)

28. Fever and Shock Therapies Julius Wagner-Jauregg: 1918 Malarial Fever Therapy Manfred Sakel: 1933 Insulin Coma Therapy Ladislav Meduna: 1935 Metrazol Shock Therapy Ugo Cerletti: 1938 Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy

29. John F. Fulton (1899-1950) Neurophysiologist & Historian of Medicine Yale University

30. Egas Moniz and the Leucotome performed first leucotomy, 1935 Received Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1949 for this work

31. Leucotome demonstration of destruction of white matter

32. John F. Fulton on the Function of the Frontal Lobes ( AMA, 1939)

33. Transorbital Lobotomy

34. Walter Freeman performing Transorbital Lobotomy (1949)