1. Katy, Ashley, Anthony, and Nicole (7) Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5

2. Kick Starter How’s the weather?

3. T of C Day 1 of the fun

4. History of Forecasting Around 650 B.C., the Babylonians tried to predict short-term weather changes based on the appearance of clouds and optical phenomena such as haloes. By 300 B.C., Chinese astronomers had developed a calendar that divided the year into 24 festivals, each festival associated with a different type of weather.

5. Important Events PersonYearAchievement Aristotle340BCMeteorologica, a philosophical treatise that included theories about the formation of rain, clouds, hail, wind, thunder, lightning, and hurricanes. Nicholas CusaMid-fifteenth century Hygrometer Galileo Galilei1592Thermometer Evangelista Torricelli1643Barometer

6. Radiosonde During the ascent, these instruments transmit temperature, moisture, and pressure data (called soundings) back to a ground station. There, the data are processed and made available for constructing weather maps or insertion into computer models for weather prediction.

7. Types of Meteorology  Weather prediction (example: news)  Research (example: NASA)  Climatologists (pretty self explanatory)  Forensic meteorology (Weather detective)

8. Climate  Tropical rain forest climates straddle the equator  The Earth's coldest temperatures are found at the ice caps

9. Climate Types  Humid Tropics: Known for their high temperatures year-round and for their large amounts of perennial precipitation. These regions are found near the equator.  Arid Climates: Characterized by little precipitation and huge daily temperature range.  Humid Middle Latitudes Climates: Dominated by land/water differences. The eastern seaboard of the U.S. would be an example of this class, with cool winters and mild summers.

10. (cont)  Continental Climate: Found in the interior regions of land masses of exceptional size (i.e. Omaha, in the middle of the U.S.A.). Total precipitation is not very high in amount, and seasonal temperatures vary greatly.  Cold Polar Climates: Areas covered by permanent ice and tundra. Here, average temperatures reach above freezing only about one third of the year.

11. The Doppler Radar

12. Tips for Predicting the Weather Yourself  Check the grass for dew at sunrise.  Remember the rhyme.  Look for a rainbow in the west.  Detect which way the wind is blowing.  Check for humidity  Watch the clouds.  Observe animals  Look at the moon at night

13. Cloud Types Stratus:Cirrus: Cumulonimbus:

14. Kick Starter What do you know about tornadoes?

15. T of C The day of “Greats”

16. Hurricanes Tropical Depression An organized system of clouds and thunderstorms with a defined surface circulation and maximum sustained winds* of 38 mph (33 kt**) or less Tropical Storm An organized system of strong thunderstorms with a defined surface circulation and maximum sustained winds of 39-73 mph (34-63 kt) Hurricane An intense tropical weather system of strong thunderstorms with a well-defined surface circulation and maximum sustained winds of 74 mph (64 kt) or higher

17.  Estimated Maximum Wind Speed: 120 mph The official anemometer blew away after recording a sustained wind speed of 84 mph and gust of 102 mph.  Estimated Storm Surge: 15 to 20 ft Galveston's highest point stood only 8.7 feet above sea level.  The storm surge occurred at high tide.  Lowest Observed Pressure: 28.53 inches (966 hPa)  27.49 inches Hg (931 hPa) At the Galveston Weather Office  At sea.  Estimated Saffir-Simpson Category: Category 4  Estimated Dead: 8,000 -- 6,000 in Galveston + 2,000 in surrounding area (Some place the figure as high as 12,000).  Estimated Number of Homes Destroyed: 3,600-plus in Galveston.  Estimated Total Damage: $25 to 50 million (in 1900 dollars);  $500 million to $1 billion (in 2003 dollars) Great Galveston Hurricane

18. Tornadoes  Products of warm, humid air masses & a cold, dry air masse.  On average, produce winds of 110 miles per hour and are about 250 feet across.  Generally travel 1 mile before landing elsewhere.

19. The Great Tri-State Tornado  3 states affected (Missouri, Illinois, Indiana)  F5 tornado on the Fujita scale  695 deaths—a record for a single tornado  62 mph average speed  3/4 mile average path width (some accounts of 1 mile wide—a record width)

20. Fujita Scale ScaleWind Speed (mph)Avg. Damage Path (meters) F040–7210–50 F173–11230–150 F2113–157110–250 F3158–206200–500 F4207–260400–900 F5261–3181100 ~

21. ScalePotential Damage F0 Light damage. Some damage to chimneys; branches broken off trees; shallow-rooted trees pushed over; sign boards damaged. F1 Moderate damage. The lower limit is the beginning of hurricane wind speed; peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned; moving autos pushed off the roads; attached garages may be destroyed. F2 Significant damage. Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes demolished; boxcars overturned; large trees snapped or uprooted; highrise windows broken and blown in; light-object missiles generated. F3 Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off well-constructed houses; most trees in forest uprooted; skyscrapers twisted and deformed with massive destruction of exteriors; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown. F4 Devastating damage. Well-constructed houses leveled; structures with weak foundations blown away some distance; trains overturned; cars thrown and large missiles generated. Skyscrapers and highrises toppled and destroyed. F5 Catastrophic damage. Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and carried considerable distances to disintegrate; automobile sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 m (109 yd); trees debarked; steel reinforced concrete structures badly damaged.

24. Kick Starter Are you ready for… the lab?

25. T of C Lab day.

27. Kick Starter You ready for a quiz?

28. T of C Quizzing & Studying

30. Kick Starter What is one thing you’ve learned in this unit?

31. T of C Test day.