1. 1 Sovereign Wealth Focus Edinburgh, 14 June 2011 Tom A. Fearnley Asset Management Department SWFs and the Norwegian Government Pension Fund

2. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 2 Sovereign Wealth Funds Norwegian Government Pension Fund – Global (GPFG): Agenda

3. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 3 Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) Large pools of financial assets held by and managed for the public sector.  More precise definition (from “Santiago Principles 2008”):  Special-purpose investment funds or arrangements that are owned by the general government and created for macroeconomic purposes to manage assets to achieve financial objectives, and where the investment strategies include investing in foreign financial assets. Definition excludes foreign currency reserves held for balance of payments or monetary policy purposes, state-owned enterprises, and pension funds.

4. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 4 Three types of SWFs Broadly speaking three types of SWFs: 1) Natural resource funds  From commodity exports giving rise to fiscal surpluses.  Main objectives: Maintain economic stability against commodity price fluctuations, and ensure that also future generations will benefit from the exploitation of natural resources by the current generation.  Examples: Norway, United Arab Emirates, Russia

5. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 5 Three types of SWFs 2) Foreign reserve funds  Source of funds is balance of payment surpluses and official foreign currency operations. Funds are managed differently from normal foreign exchange reserves, with higher risk and return profile.  Examples: China, Singapore 3) Pension reserve funds  A portion of national pension funds is set aside and managed separately to prepare for an aging society.  Examples: New Zealand, France, Ireland

6. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 6 Sovereign Wealth Funds: Assets Aggregate assets (all SWFs): about 4 trillion USD  2.3 trillion from oil&gas (60 %) By region:

7. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 7 SWFs again growing Due to financial crisis, SWF assets under management fell in Q4 2008 / Q1 2009.  By about 10 % (SWF Institute)  Picking up since Q2 2009, due to continuing inflows to many funds, and positive returns.

8. Norwegian Ministry of Finance SWFs again growing  Also, new funds (e.g. Sovereign Fund of Brazil)  Hence, financial clout largely undiminished, but less visible than during recent high-profile acquisitions of Western assets. 2010: “Funds today account for between one- fourth and one-third of all foreign assets held by sovereigns… SWF assets are projected to surpass the stock of foreign exchange reserves in the not- so-distant future and to top $7-$11 trillion by 2013" (John Lipsky, IMF First deputy Managing Director). 8

9. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 9 Typical characteristics Long investment horizons Little or no leverage No claims for imminient withdrawal of funds  Therefore:  Strong risk bearing capacity  Ability to accommodate short term volatility  Usually higher risk profile than foreign exchange reserves (more equity and alternative investments)

10. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 10 Concerns about SWFs In 2007 and early 2008: Mounting concerns among Western recipient countries about the growth of SWFs. Concerns about:  Potential for politically motivated investments  Potential for controlling stakes in strategic industries.  Lack of transparency  Potential for large and unpredictable capital flows  Shift from private to public ownership of capital. In 2007 G8 and IMF called for a SWF code of conduct  Led to the IMF-brokered Santiago Principles on transparency, objectives and governance.

11. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 11 Concerns about SWFs In late 2008 and into 2009, concerns receded:  Focus switched from SWFs to the financial crisis.  SWFs more a solution (to financial crisis) than a problem ?  Providers of capital in times of crisis.  Long investment horizon could be stabilizing factor.  Could contribute to lower risk premia.  Santiago Principles on appropriate investment practices adopted in 2008.

12. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 12 Santiago Principles: GAPP: Generally Accepted Principles and Practices. The GAPP is a voluntary framework to guide the conduct of appropriate investment practices, as well as governance and accountability arrangements, of sovereign wealth funds. Negotiated and endorsed in October 2008, by 26 sovereign wealth funds, with IMF as facilitator.

13. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 13 Santiago Principles: Key principles:  i) Sound objectives and legal framework to facilitate the formulation of appropriate investment strategy.  ii) Sound institutional and governance framework that separates the functions of the owner, governing body, and management to facilitate accountability and operational independence.  iii) Clear investment and risk management framework to promote a disciplined investment process and sound investment operations.

14. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 14 OECD guidance for recipient countries At the same time, OECD guidance on recipient country policies towards SWFs was adopted by OECD members on 8 October 2008. These principles reflect long-standing OECD commitments that promote an open global investment environment. The principles are:

15. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 15 OECD guidance for recipient countries Recipient countries should not erect protectionist barriers to foreign investment. Recipient countries should not discriminate among investors in like circumstances. Any additional investment restrictions in recipient countries should only be considered when policies of general application to both foreign and domestic investors are inadequate to address legitimate national security concerns. Where such national security concerns do arise, investment safeguards by recipient countries should be: transparent and predictable; - proportional to clearly-identified national security risks; - and subject to accountability in their application.

16. Norwegian Ministry of Finance SWFs: Part of the Problem or the Solution ? SWFs now hold a significant share of sovereign foreign assets, and should therefore work towards well functioning capital markets and responsible investing.  Should act as ”Universal owners”, with strong interests in the ”global commons”. Norway’s SWF (Government Pension Fund - Global) is now 12 times bigger than its foreign exchange reserves. Norway’s GPFG ownership share of the world’s listed companies has now reached 1 per cent (1.8 per cent in Europe). Similar stakes for the other top SWFs. 16

17. Norwegian Ministry of Finance SWFs and Financial Stability Extensive research is being conducted on this issue. Existing research on SWFs suggest that they can be a stabilizing force in global financial markets. Event studies do not find a destabilizing impact from SWF investments and divestments in equity markets, while simulations of SWF asset allocations imply only modest economic effects. With SWFs improving their transparency and disclosure over time, the availability of historical SWF transactions will provide researchers with the necessary data to examine further their implications for financial stability. See overview article by IMF economists Tao Sun and Heiko Hesse, March 2009. 17

18. Norwegian Ministry of Finance SWFs and Transparency In line with the Santiago principles, some SWFs are becoming more transparent. Thus following in Norway’s steps.  Norway’s GPFG is the most transparent by far. Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, until recently one of the most secretive SWFs, made a significant step in March 2010 by publishing its first annual report. Also GIC and Temasek of Singapore now produce annual reports (since 2008).  Done to ”assure the investment community and the countries in which we invest that our activities have only one purpose – financial return” (Tony Tan, Deputy Chairman) 18

19. Norwegian Ministry of Finance SWFs and Transparency… Few disclose total size and returns, however.  Fear that detailed disclosure may jeopardize investment strategies.  ”Complete transparency would raise more questions than answers”, Bader al-Sa’ad, Managing Director, Kuwait Investment Authority. 19

20. Norwegian Ministry of Finance SWFs as providers of capital As already noted, SWF can be  Providers of capital in times of crisis.  Investors with long horizons, possibly making them longer term owners. SWFs now being actively encouraged to buy government debt:  Reports that European government debt managers now engage in “sales tours” to SWFs (Financial Times, 25 March 2010).  Their hope is that SWFs will be able and willing to absorb a significant share of the huge government bond issuance expected for the coming years. 20

21. Norwegian Ministry of Finance SWFs as providers of capital… As for Norway’s GPFG, the fund was one of the largest buyers in the world’s stock markets in 2008, at the depth of the financial crisis:  Bought shares worth 55 bn USD throughout the year.  To move towards 60 % allocation to equities (in a falling equity market) 21

22. Norwegian Ministry of Finance SWFs as providers of capital… Finally, some recent news (Washington Post, 18 April 2010): ”World Bank gets help from SWFs to invest in developing nations”  State-owned investment vehicles from South Korea, Azerbaijan, Netherlands and Saudi Arabia have agreed to invest USD 600 million in a bank-sponsored equity fund for less-developed countries.  While not large, it could open up a pool of capital that World Bank president Robert B. Zoellic said could prove to be important in creating a new ”architecture” for the post-crisis global economy. 22

23. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 23 Sovereign Wealth Funds Norwegian Government Pension Fund – Global (GPFG): Agenda Norwegian Government Pension Fund – Global (GPFG):

24. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 24 2 nd largest Sovereign Wealth Fund (Source: SWF Institute, March 2011)

25. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 25 Government Pension Fund Formally established 1 January 2006 Managed by the Ministry of Finance Government Pension Fund Global (former Government Petroleum Fund) Invested abroad Operational management: Norwegian Central Bank (Norges Bank) NOK 3 102 billion (USD 562 bn) end of Q1 2011 Government Pension Fund Norway (former National Insurance Scheme Fund) Invested in Norway (85%) / Scandinavia Operational management: “Folketrygdfondet” 135 billion NOK (USD 23 bn) at 31 Dec 2010

26. Norwegian Ministry of Finance Origin of Government Pension Fund Strong public finances… Due to oil and gas production in North Sea. Production peaked in 2004, but still large. 5th largest net oil exporter in 2008. 40 per cent of reserves have been extracted. 26

27. Norwegian Ministry of Finance Origin of Government Pension Fund Government oil and gas revenues are invested in the Fund… …except what is spent to cover a structural (non- oil) budget deficit, determined by a ”spending rule”. 27

28. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 28 Return on investments Fund Transfer to finance non-oil budget deficit Revenues Expenditures consumption investment (infrastructure, human capital) State Budget The spending rule Fiscal policy guideline (over time spend real return of the fund, approximately 4%) Petroleum revenues

29. Norwegian Ministry of Finance Public Sector Net Assets and Government Pension Fund (percent of GDP) 29 Public sector is in large positive net asset position, mainly due to the Fund.

30. Norwegian Ministry of Finance Gross public sector debt Mainly bonds and bills issued to maintain a liquid secondary government bond market. Borrowed funds mainly used to service the debt, which is kept relatively stable as share of GDP. The large positive net asset position of the government means that the gross debt is not considered one of the Fund’s liabilities. 30

31. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 31 Investment strategy: Our circumstances No clearly defined liabilities. Indefinite investment horizon. Therefore, strong risk bearing capacity  Year to year volatility of less concern. However, “target” real return around 4 % in average over the long run (the spending rule). Could be seen as the Fund’s liability.  Although, stated objective is to “maximize international purchasing power given moderate risk”.  Reflects fact that fund will ultimately be used to finance imports.

32. Norwegian Ministry of Finance Fund governance 32

33. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 33 Division of responsibilities between:  Owner (Ministry of Finance)  Decides investment strategy (strategic benchmark, rebalancing scheme, scope of active management, investment universe).  Monitors operational manager.  Develops ethical guidelines.  Reports to Parliament.  Operational manager (Norges Bank, the Central Bank  Implements investment strategy.  Invests monthly inflows.  Runs active management program.  Exercises fund’s ownership rights.  Reports to Ministry of Finance

34. Norwegian Ministry of Finance Real estate mandate: Directly investible index cannot be constructed Index established to state return objective Special set of risk limits, separate from equities and fixed inc. Strategic Asset Allocation for the Fund Equities 60% Fixed Income 35% Strategic benchmark Real Estate 5% Active risk limits: Overall portfolio level active risk budget: 1% tracking error (as of 1 Jan. 2011) Supplementary limits (minimum overlap etc.) Investments in real estate started in 2011 Fixed-income index: BarCap Global Agg. + Global Infl.-Linked Fixed regional weights > 10 000 bonds of investment grade Equity index: FTSE Global All-Cap Fixed regional weights > 7 000 equities 34

35. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 35 The investment universe gives significant degree of freedom for Norges Bank’s active management Benchmark: Listed equities Investment grade bonds Real estate All emerging markets for equities and bonds Commodity derivatives Market risk budget: 100 bp tracking error on total portfolio Investment universe

36. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 36 Major changes in the investment strategy 1998 40% equities Few limitations on derivatives/ short positions 2000 Some emerging markets (EM) 2002 Non- government bonds 2004 More EM, new ethical guidelines 2006 2007 -High yield bonds -Commodity derivatives -new requirements in risk management 60% equities, small-cap 2008 -Real estate -All EM equity markets 2010 Evaluation of active management

37. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 37 Ethical guidelines and corporate governance Two main ethical obligations: 1)The obligation to ensure sound financial returns so that future generations will benefit from the petroleum wealth.  Exercise ownership rights – corporate governance. Priority areas: Investor rights, board responsibility, well-functioning markets. 2)The obligation to respect the environment and the fundamental rights of those who are affected by the companies in which the Fund invests.  Exercise ownership rights – integrated ESG approach. Priority areas: Climate change, water management and the rights of children.  Guidelines for the observation and exclusion of companies that fail to satisfy a minimum ethical standard.

38. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 38 Volatile and uncertain economic outlook The economic outlook remains foggy and difficult. Several reasons:  Highly leveraged developed economies  Private and public sector deleveraging, combined with exit from monetary stimuli  High commodity prices  Regulatory environment in transformation Deflation or inflation? However, funds with very long investment horizon and high risk bearing capacity should be able to absorb the market shocks without forced or unwarranted changes to investment strategy.

39. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 39 Stormy times highlight need for:  Moderate real return expectations, also long term.  Diversification across asset classes and regions  Although diversification did not serve its purpose in 2008.  Better risk measurement and control (both passive and active risk), including better understanding of tail events and their probabilities.

40. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 40 The fund has experienced very volatile equity markets Real return on a portfolio close to fund’s equity benchmark Return in percent Number of years 2010 232006 222004 2119912005 2019841998 19200719821996 18199219801995 17197919781993 16197619711989 15196919611988 141994196519601968 131987196419561967 1219811963195319552009 1119771944195019522003 10200119661941194319511999 9200019621939194219491997 8197019571934193819361986 7194719481919192519351983 6194619451912192319321972 5193719401911191519261958 4193019181910190919241933 319901929191619031906192119281985 22008200219731917191419021905190819271975 119741920193119071913190119001904192219591954 Below -32 -32 to -24 -24 to -16 -16 to -8 -8 to -0 0 to 88 to 1616 to 2424 to 3232 to 40Above 40

41. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 41 Few places to hide in 2008… Almost all asset classes saw large drops in value in 2008  Stock markets (worst since 1900 !)  Bond markets (credit spreads)  Real estate  Commodities  Diversification failed when most needed. And liquidity dried up in several markets

42. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 42 Except: Government bonds (real return) 492009 482007 472005 462004 452003 442001 431996 421992 411990 401989 391988 381987 371983 361977 351976 341975 331972 321971 311970 301966 291962 281961 271960 2620061959 2519991958 2419811955 2319801953 2219791952 2119781949 2019691940 1919681938 1819671936 1719651933 1619641931 1519631929 14195719282008 13195619262002 12195019242000 11194219231998 101994194119131997 91974193919101991 81973193719091986 71951193519081985 619481945192519051984 519471944191419041954 4194619431912190319341995 3192019191911190219301993 2 191819161907190119271982 1 1917191519061900192219211932 Below -32 -32 to -24 -24 to -16 -16 to -8 -8 to -0 0 to 88 to 1616 to 2424 to 3232 to 40Above 40 Return in percent

43. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 43 Our long term real return expectations Long term, assuming markets in equilibrium (rational pricing, no bubbles): Global government bonds Global real estate Global stocks Expected real return, geometric 2.5 %3.5 %5.0 % Expected volatility 6 %12 %16 %

44. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 44 Our long term correlation expectations Long term, assuming markets in equilibrium Global government bonds Global real estate Global stocks Global government bonds 10.30.4 Global real estate 10.6 Global stocks 1

45. Norwegian Ministry of Finance Expected real return on fund Expected real return: 4.25 % Expected volatility: 9.8 % Realized net real return since 1 Jan. 1998: 3.05 % 45

46. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 46 Europe’s largest single owned asset pool, high expected growth from inflows and financial returns: The Government Pension Fund’s market value (real) 2010-2030: Expected growth, with 68 % and 95 % confidence levels Source: Ministry of Finance, Report to Parliament April 2011 Billion NOK

47. Norwegian Ministry of Finance Summary: Main characateristics of Fund Very large and growing SWF  Owns roughly 1 % of world’s stock market Purely financial investor  Max ownership share in listed markets: 10 % Very long investment horizon  In practice unlimited No clearly defined liabilities  But is funding a structural non-oil budget deficit Highly transparent Emphasis on integrated ESG approach to investing 47

48. Norwegian Ministry of Finance 48 Links Ministry of Finance www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/fin Government Pension Fund www.government.no/gpf Norges Bank Investment Management www.nbim.no Contact details Norwegian Ministry of Finance Asset Management Department P.O.Box 8008 Dep NO-0030 Oslo, Norway Visiting Address: Akersg. 40 Telephone: +47 22 24 45 10 Fax: +47 22 24 95 91 E-mail: postmottak@fin.dep.nopostmottak@fin.dep.no