1. Agenda for Week 1/31 & 2/2 Learn about database design
Vocabulary
Modeling tool: Entity relationship diagram (ERD)
Practical modeling concepts
Do database design
Practice creating ERD’s
Primarily from “draftsman” perspective

2. IS 475/675 - Introduction to Database Design
Goal for the database design section of the class: Be able to design a “good” database for a business application.
Objectives:
Know how to read, understand, and create a database model using a modeling tool - ERD’s.
Understand the three reasons we store data in a database.
Know the process of completing a database design.
Understand the structure and limitations of the relational model.
Know how to identify and differentiate the required components of a database design.

3. What is database design?
Database design is the process of planning the structure or blueprint of stored data for an organization.

4. Process of database design
Can be understood from three different perspectives:
Architect: Planning types of data necessary to achieve the goals of the system.
Engineer: Identifying detailed data requirements and designing the structure of the data.
Draftsman: Creating a model to depict the data that will be stored in a database.

5. Data design is documented with a data model
Most commonly used data modeling tool is an entity-relationship diagram (ERD).
An ERD contains:
Entities.
Attributes.
Identifiers (primary key for each entity).
Relationships.
Cardinalities of the relationships.
Foreign keys to support the relationships.

6. All About Entities
Entities are nouns that describe the person, event, place, or thing about which we want to store data.
The name of an entity is singular, not plural. Examples: customer, book, order, invoice, employee, supplier.
An entity usually becomes a table in a database.
An entity instance is a single occurrence of an entity (a row in a table, or a record in a file).
Entities almost always have more than one entity instance. (Tables have more than one row – it is not common to create a table that has only one row.)
For example, you might be interested in storing information about the “chief financial officer” of an organization. If there is just one CFO, then you wouldn’t create an entity for CFO, you would create an entity for “employee” and figure out another way to store the fact that a specific employee is the CFO.

7. Attributes An attribute is a characteristic or property of an entity.
Synonyms include:
Element, property or field.
Examples of attributes for an “employee” entity:
Last name, First Name, Employee ID, Address, City, State, Zip, Phone, Title, Starting employment date.
Attributes can be:
Stored vs. derived.
Simple or complex.

8. Identifying Attributes (Identifiers)
An attribute that could uniquely identify an instance of an entity is called a “candidate key”.
A candidate key that the analyst chooses to uniquely identify an instance of an entity is called a “primary key”.
Primary keys are also referred to as identifiers.
Sometimes more than one attribute is needed to uniquely identify an instance of an entity.
A group of attributes identifying an entity instance is called a “concatenated key.”
Synonyms for concatenated key are “composite key” and “compound key”.

9. Primary keys Each entity must have a primary key.
Two basic types of primary key:
“Natural” primary key: primary key is created from existing attribute or attributes.
“Surrogate” primary key: primary key is a “made up” attribute that has no function other than serving as a primary key.
For right now, we are going to try and use natural primary keys as much as possible.

10. A bit about relationships
Entities do not usually exist in isolation.
A connecting line between two entities on an ERD represents a relationship.
A relationship can be depicted as a diamond or as a simple line.
A relationship is a natural business association existing between two or more entities.
A relationship creates a business rule.
A verb phrase describes the relationship.

11. Cardinality of a relationship
Cardinality is a constraint on the number of entity instances that participate in a relationship.
Cardinality describes the minimum and maximum number of instances that one entity has with another entity in a relationship.
Cardinality also describes whether the relationship is mandatory or optional.
We use the crow’s foot notation to depict cardinality in our ERD’s in this class.

12. Examples: Binary relationship with explicit relationship symbol

13. Examples: Binary relationship without explicit relationship symbol

14. Examples of Unary Relationships

15. Example of a ternary relationship

16. Example of an n-ary relationship

17. Example of a context ERD

18. Example of a logical ERD

19. Example of a Physical ERD

20. Strong entity
A strong entity is an entity that exists whether or not there is a relationship between it and another entity.
For example, you probably want to store data about employees, regardless of the fact that an employee provides services to a patient at a clinic.

21. “Weak” or Associative Entities
An entity that does not exist unless it is linked to a strong entity.
For example, the patient treatment entity doesn’t exist unless a patient has a treatment.
On a logical ERD, a weak entity frequently borrows all or part of its primary key from another entity.

22. Return to First Week Exercise Data (condensed)
Orderid
Order
Date
Cust
Name
Item id
ItemName
cost
Sell
price
Quantity
1234
08/30/2011
Jones
A72
Martini Glasses – 4 pack
7.50
19.95 12
A43
Tumbler, 12 oz – 8 pack
9.20
22.95 16
3900
08/26/2011
Smith 5
B33
Ketchup Dispensers – 12 pack
8.70
25.95 22
B97
Salt Shakers – 2 pack
2.20
9.95 3
8911
08/29/2011
Resco 35
235

23. Need for Associative Entity
M:n relationship cannot be stored without data redundancy.
A m:n relationship usually has attributes that are part of the relationship. In the example below, you must decide where to store the quantity ordered for a given item on a given order.
Intersection entity is used to divide a m:n relationship.

24. OrderID Order_date CustName 1234 08/30/2011 Jones 3900 08/26/2011
Smith
8911
08/29/2011
Resco
ItemID
Name
Item
cost
Sell
price
A72
Martini Glasses – 4 pack
7.50
19.95
A43
Tumbler, 12 oz – 8 pack
9.20
22.95
B33
Ketchup Dispensers – 12 pack
8.70
25.95
B97
Salt Shakers – 2 pack
2.20
9.95

25. Possible Solution #1: Put the quantity ordered (qty_ordered) in the item entity, and create a concatenated primary key

26. OrderID
Order_date
CustName
1234
08/30/2011
Jones
3900
08/26/2011
Smith
8911
08/29/2011
Resco
Possible solution#1: Results in redundant data for item name, cost and sell price
OrderID
ItemID
Name
Item
cost
Sell
price
Quantity
1234
A72
Martini Glasses – 4 pack
7.50
19.95 12
A43
Tumbler, 12 oz – 8 pack
9.20
22.95 16
3900 5
B33
Ketchup Dispensers – 12 pack
8.70
25.95 22
B97
Salt Shakers – 2 pack
2.20
9.95 3
8911 35
235

27. Possible solution #2: Uses an intersection entity (Orderline) to avoid redundant data.

28. Possible Solution #2: Another table, but less data redundancy
OrderID
Order_date
CustName
1234
08/30/2011
Jones
3900
08/26/2011
Smith
8911
08/29/2011
Resco
OrderID
ItemID
Qty_ordered
1234
A72 12
A43 16
3900 5
B33 22
B97 3
8911 35
235
Possible Solution #2: Another table, but less data redundancy
ItemID
Name
Item
cost
Sell
price
A72
Martini Glasses – 4 pack
7.50
19.95
A43
Tumbler, 12 oz – 8 pack
9.20
22.95
B33
Ketchup Dispensers – 12 pack
8.70
25.95
B97
Salt Shakers – 2 pack
2.20
9.95

29. Foreign Key A way of supporting the relationship between two tables.
The primary key of one table is added to another table to link the two tables together.
In a 1:M relationship, the primary key of the entity on the “1” side of the relationship is added to the entity on the “M” side of the relationship.