1. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 1 Software Engineering COMP 201 Lecturer: Dr. Igor Potapov Ashton Building, room 3.15 E-mail: potapov@liverpool.ac.uk COMP 201 web-page: http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~igor/COMP201

2. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 2 Today at 2pm Computer Science Department Lab 1 You need to re-register your account to use our computer science laboratories

3. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 3 Why Software Engineering? Software development is hard ! Important to distinguish “easy” systems (one developer, one user, experimental use only) from “hard” systems (multiple developers, multiple users, products) Experience with “easy” systems is misleading –One person techniques do not scale up Analogy with bridge building: –Over a stream = easy, one person job –Over River Severn … ? ( the techniques do not scale)

4. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 4 Why Software Engineering ? The problem is complexity Many sources, but size is key: –UNIX contains 4 million lines of code –Windows 2000 contains 10 8 lines of code Software engineering is about managing this complexity.

5. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 5 Teaching method Series of 30-33 lectures ( 3hrs per week ) LectureMonday12.00 LectureTuesday12.00 LectureThursday 14.00 Independent Student Reading Practical work ( 2 Assignments ) ----------------------- Course Assessment ---------------------- A two-hour examination80% Coursework20% -----------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 6 201 Practicals Practical slots: –Tuesday, 9.00-11.00 – 60 students –Tuesday, 14.00-16.00 – 60 students COMP 201 –Assignment 1 – Formal specification methods Weeks 4-7 –Assignment 2 – Modelling with UML Weeks 8-10 It is time consuming, so one day approach will not work!

7. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 7 Recommended Course Textbooks Sommerville I. (2001,2004) Software Engineering 6 th,7 th or 8 th Edition, Addison-Wesley, Harlow, Essex,UK Stevens P. with Pooley, R. (2000) Using UML: Software Engineering with Objects and Components, Addison-Wesley, Harlow, Essex, UK Introducing Asml (2001) Available in electronic format, Microsoft corporation 

8. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 8 Outline Syllabus Introduction to Software Engineering Software models Software requirements Formal Specification –ASML(Abstract State Machines Language) Software Design and Implementation –UML (Unified Modeling Language) Software verification, validation and testing Management of Software Projects & Cost Estimation

9. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 9 FAQs about software engineering What is –software? –software process? –software engineering? –software process model?

10. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 10 What is software? Computer programs and associated documentation Software products may be developed for a particular customer or may be developed for a general market Software products may be –Generic - developed to be sold to a range of different customers –Bespoke (custom) - developed for a single customer according to their specification

11. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 11 What is software engineering? Software engineering is an engineering discipline which is concerned with all aspects of software production Software engineers should –adopt a systematic and organised approach to their work –use appropriate tools and techniques depending on the problem to be solved, the development constraints and the resources available

12. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 12 What is the difference between software engineering and computer science? Computer ScienceSoftware Engineering is concerned with Computer science theories are currently insufficient to act as a complete underpinning for software engineering, BUT it is a foundation for practical aspects of software engineering  theory  fundamentals Algorithms, date structures, complexity theory, numerical methods  the practicalities of developing  delivering useful software SE deals with practical problems in complex software products

13. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 13 Software Engineering Body of Knowledge Source: http://www.sei.cmu.edu/pub/documents/99.reports/pdf/99tr004.pdf

14. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 14 SE history SE introduced first in 1968 – conference about “software crisis” when the introduction of third generation computer hardware led more complex software systems then before Early approaches based on informal methodologies leading to –Delays in software delivery –Higher costs than initially estimated –Unreliable, difficult to maintain software Need for new methods and techniques to manage the production of complex software.

15. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 15 Software myths Management myths –Standards and procedures for building software –Add more programmers if behind the schedule Customer myths –A general description of objectives enough to start coding –Requirements may change as the software is flexible Practitioner myths –Task accomplished when the program works –Quality assessment when the program is running –Working program the only project deliverable

16. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 16 Software failures Therac-25 (1985-1987): six people overexposed during treatments for cancer Taurus (1993): the planned automatic transaction settlement system for London Stock Exchange cancelled after five years of development Ariane 5 (1996): roket exploded soon after its launch due error conversion (16 floating point into 16-bit integer) The Mars Climate Orbiter assumed to be lost by NASA officials (1999): different measurement systems (Imperial and metric)

17. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 17 However … Important progress: Ability to produce more complex software has increased New technologies have led to new SE approaches A better understanding of the activities involved in software development Effective methods to specify, design and implement software have been developed New notations and tools have been produced

18. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 18 What is a software process? SP is a set of activities whose goal is the development or evolution of software Fundamental activities in all software processes are: –Specification - what the system should do and its development constraints –Development - production of the software system (design and implementation) –Validation - checking that the software is what the customer wants –Evolution - changing the software in response to changing demands

19. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 19 What is a software process model? SPM is a simplified representation of a software process, presented from a specific perspective Examples of process perspectives: Workflow perspective represents inputs, outputs and dependencies Data-flow perspective represents data transformation activities Role/action perspective represents the roles/activities of the people involved in software process Generic process models –Waterfall –Evolutionary development –Formal transformation –Integration from reusable components

20. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 20 What are the costs of software engineering? Roughly 60% of costs are development costs, 40% are testing costs. For custom software, evolution costs often exceed development costs Costs vary depending on the type of system being developed and the requirements of system attributes such as performance and system reliability Distribution of costs depends on the development model that is used

21. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 21 What is CASE ? (Computer-Aided Software Engineering) Upper-CASE –Tools to support the early process activities of requirements and design Lower-CASE –Tools to support later activities such as programming, debugging and testing Software systems which are intended to provide automated support for software process activities, such as requirements analysis, system modelling, debugging and testing

22. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 22 What are the attributes of good software? Maintainability –Software must evolve to meet changing needs Dependability –Software must be trustworthy Efficiency –Software should not make wasteful use of system resources Usability –Software must be usable by the users for which it was designed The software should deliver the required functionality and performance to the user and should be maintainable, dependable and usable

23. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 23 What are the key challenges facing software engineering? Software engineering in the 21 st century faces three key challenges: Legacy systems –Old, valuable systems must be maintained and updated Heterogeneity –Systems are distributed and include a mix of hardware and software Delivery –There is increasing pressure for faster delivery of software

24. Software Engineering, COMP201 Slide 24 Next lecture Software Processes Tuesday12.00 COMP 201 web-page: http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~igor/COMP201