1. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 1 Cisco Systems CCNA Version 3 Semester 1 Module 8

2. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 2 Overview

3. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 3 Students completing this module should be able to: Define bridging and switching. Define and describe the content-addressable memory (CAM) table. Define latency. Describe store-and forward and cut-through switching modes. Explain Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP). Define collisions, broadcasts, collision domains, and broadcast domains. Identify the Layer 1, 2, and 3 devices used to create collision domains and broadcast domains. Discuss data flow and problems with broadcasts. Explain network segmentation and list the devices used to create segments. This module explores the effects of collisions and broadcasts on network traffic and then describes how bridges and routers are used to segment networks for improved performance.

4. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 4 Module Overview 8.1 Ethernet Switching 8.1.1 Layer 2 bridging 8.1.2 Layer 2 switching 8.1.3 Switch operation 8.1.4 Latency 8.1.5 Switch modes 8.1.6 Spanning-Tree Protocol 8.2 Collision Domains and Broadcast Domains 8.2.1 Shared media environments 8.2.2 Collision domains 8.2.3 Segmentation 8.2.4 Layer 2 broadcasts 8.2.5 Broadcast domains 8.2.6 Introduction to data flow 8.2.7 What is a network segment?

5. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 5 Bridges & Switches learn MAC addresses from the source host. 8.1.1 Layer 2 bridging

6. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 6 Wireless Bridge 8.1.2 Layer 2 switching Replacing hubs with bridges or switches to increase the number of collision domains is called segmentation

7. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 7 A bridge has only two ports and divides a collision domain into two parts. All decisions made by a bridge are based on MAC or Layer 2 addressing and do not affect the logical or Layer 3 addressing. (A router use the destination IP address to make a forwarding decisions.) Thus, a bridge will divide a collision domain but has no effect on a logical or broadcast domain. No matter how many bridges are in a network, unless there is a device such as a router that works on Layer 3 addressing, the entire network will share the same logical broadcast address space. A bridge will create more collision domains but will not add broadcast domains.

8. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 8 A switch is simply a bridge with many ports. When only one node is connected to a switch port, the collision domain on the shared media contains only two nodes. The two nodes in this small segment, or collision domain, consist of the switch port and the host connected to it. These small physical segments are called microsegments. 8.1.3 Switch operation A bridge or switch increase the number of collision domains but have no impact on broadcast domains

9. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 9 Most switches and most network interface cards (NICs) are capable of supporting full duplex. In full duplex mode, there is no contention for the media. Thus, with switched full-duplex transmission there are no collision domains. Theoretically, the bandwidth is doubled when using full duplex. 8.1.3 Switch operation A switch uses full-duplex mode to provide full bandwidth between two nodes on a network.

10. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 10 Content-addressable memory (CAM) Entering data into the memory will return the associated address (IE port). Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) Undedicated logic gates that can be programmed to perform functions at logic speeds. 8.1.3 Switch operation

11. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 11 Media delays caused by the finite speed that signals can travel through the physical media. Circuit delays caused by the electronics that process the signal along the path. Software delays caused by the decisions that software must make to implement switching and protocols. Delays caused by the content of the frame and where in the frame switching decisions can be made. 8.1.4 Latency

12. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 12 The switch receives the entire frame before sending it out the destination port. Verifies the Frame Check Sum (FCS) and Length before sending it to the destination. If the frame is invalid, it is discarded at the switch rather than the ultimate destination. This form of switching has the highest latency and will depend on the length of the frame. Store and Forward Reads the entire Frame 8.1.5 Switch modes

13. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 13 Fragment-free reads the first 64 bytes, which includes the frame header, and switching begins before the entire data field and checksum are read. Therefore the latency time is always fixed. This mode verifies the addressing and Logical Link Control (LLC) protocol (MAC address). Fragment Free Reads 64 bytes confirming that it is not a fragment (runt) Fragment Free 8.1.5 Switch modes

14. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 14 Both the source port and destination port must be operating at the same bit rate to keep the frame intact. This is called synchronous switching. Cut-Through Reads up to the Destination MAC address A switch can start to transfer the frame as soon as the destination MAC address is read. Therefore the latency time is always fixed. The FCS is not read before switching begins, therefore there is no error checking. Switching at this point is called cut-through switching and results in the lowest latency. 100Mb to server 100Mb to clients 8.1.5 Switch modes

15. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 15 If the bit rates are not the same, the frame must be stored at one bit rate before it is sent out at the other bit rate. This is known as asynchronous switching. Store-and-forward mode must be used for asynchronous switching. 1000Mb to server 100Mb to clients 8.1.5 Switch modes

16. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 16 When multiple switches are arranged in a simple hierarchical tree, switching loops are unlikely to occur. However, switched networks are often designed with redundant paths to provide for reliability and fault tolerance. Switching Loop Switching loops can occur by design or by accident. Can lead to broadcast storms that will overwhelm a network. Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) counteracts loops. 8.1.6 Spanning-Tree Protocol

17. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 17 The concentration of network resources makes the data easier to back up and maintain. 6.1.2 Servers 8.1.6 Spanning-Tree Protocol

18. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 18 Each switch in a LAN using STP sends special messages called Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) This tells other switches it exists and to elect a root bridge for the network. The switches then use the Spanning-Tree Algorithm (STA) to resolve and shut down redundant paths. STP creates a logical hierarchical tree with no loops. However, the alternate paths are still available should they be needed. 8.1.6 Spanning-Tree Protocol

19. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 19 Blocking Forwarding STP STA BPDUs Root Bridge Root port Designated port 8.1.6 Spanning-Tree Protocol

20. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 20 Module Overview 8.1 Ethernet Switching 8.1.1 Layer 2 bridging 8.1.2 Layer 2 switching 8.1.3 Switch operation 8.1.4 Latency 8.1.5 Switch modes 8.1.6 Spanning-Tree Protocol 8.2 Collision Domains and Broadcast Domains 8.2.1 Shared media environments 8.2.2 Collision domains 8.2.3 Segmentation 8.2.4 Layer 2 broadcasts 8.2.5 Broadcast domains 8.2.6 Introduction to data flow 8.2.7 What is a network segment?

21. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 21 8.2.1 Shared media environments Layer 1 media and topologies are reviewed here. Shared Environments - Direct

22. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 22 8.2.1 Shared media environments Layer 1 media and topologies are reviewed here. Shared Environments - Indiect Point-to-point network environment – Is widely used in dialup network connections. It is a shared networking environment in which one device is connected to only one other device EG connecting a computer to an Internet service provider by modem and a phone line.

23. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 23 8.2.2 Collision domains

24. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 24 8.2.2 Collision domains 1.reduce the size of the collision domains 2.add extra managed switches

25. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 25 8.2.2 Collision domains

26. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 26 8.2.2 Collision domains Extended shared media. Multiple hosts have access to the same medium.

27. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 27 8.2.2 Collision domains

28. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 28 8.2.2 Collision domains

29. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 29 8.2.2 Collision domains

30. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 30 8.2.3 Segmentation

31. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 31 8.2.3 Segmentation

32. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 32 8.2.3 Segmentation

33. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 33 8.2.3 Segmentation Breaking up a LAN into multiple collision domains increases the opportunity for each host in the network to gain access to the media. This effectively reduces the chance of collisions and increases available bandwidth for every host.

34. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 34 8.2.4 Layer 2 broadcasts Layer 2 devices forward broadcast and if excessive, can reduce the efficiency of the entire LAN. Broadcasts must be controlled at Layer 3, as Layer 2 and Layer 1 devices cannot.

35. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 35 8.2.4 Layer 2 broadcasts Generally, IP workstations cache 10 to 100 addresses in their ARP tables for about two hours. The ARP rate for a typical workstation might be about 50 addresses every two hours or 0.007 ARPs per second. Thus, 2000 IP end stations produce about 14 ARPs per second.

36. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 36 8.2.4 Layer 2 broadcasts

37. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 37 1.Layer 1 device always forwards the frame. 2.Layer 2 device wants to forward the frame. 3.Layer 3 device will not forward the frame unless it has to.

38. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 38 8.2.5 Broadcast domains A router (layer 3 device) solves the problem of too much broadcast traffic. Routers actually work at Layers 1, 2, and 3. Like all Layer 1 devices they have a physical connection to, and transmit data onto, the media. They have a Layer 2 encapsulation on all interfaces and perform just like any other Layer 2 device. It is Layer 3 that allows the router to segment broadcast domains.

39. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 39 8.2.6 Introduction to data flow In order for a packet to be forwarded through a router it must have already been processed by a Layer 2 device and the frame information stripped off. Layer 3 forwarding is based on the destination IP address and not the MAC address. For a packet to be forwarded it must contain an IP address that is outside of the range of addresses assigned to the LAN and the router must have a destination to send the specific packet to in its routing table.

40. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 40 8.2.7 What is a network segment?

41. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 41 Summary

42. Nov-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod8 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 42 FIN